Australia

Extensive List of Languages of Australia: Spoken and Extinct Languages

Commonwealth of Australia 19,913,144; 170,000 are of Aboriginal descent, 47,000 of whom have some knowledge of an Aboriginal language. National or official language: English. Includes Cocos Islands (569 in 1981), Christmas Island (3,000 in 1983), and Norfolk Island (1,800 in 1985). Literacy rate: 99%. Also includes Adyghe, Afrikaans (12,655), Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (30,000), Basque, Chaldean Neo-Aramaic, Eastern Yiddish, Estonian, Fijian Hindustani, Greek (106,677), Hebrew, Hungarian (5,764), Indo-Portuguese, Italian (500,000), Japanese (12,000), Korean (37,000), Lao, Latvian (25,000), Lithuanian (10,000), Maltese, Mambae, Northern Kurdish (11,000), Northern Uzbek, Nung, Piemontese, Polish (13,782), Pukapuka (140), Romanian, Scottish Gaelic, Senaya, Serbian (38,753), Slovenian, Spanish, Standard German (135,000), Sylheti, Tai Dam, Tongan, Traveller Scottish, Turkish (40,000), Turoyo (2,000), Unserdeutsch, Uyghur, Vietnamese (35,000), Western Cham, Western Farsi (11,000), Yue Chinese, Malay and Indonesian (35,000), Arabic (250,000), Chinese (190,000), many other languages of Europe. Information mainly from W. J. and L. F. Oates 1970; S. Wurm and S. Hattori 1981; P. Black 1983; J. Hudson 1987; B. Waters 1989; A. Schmidt 1990. Blind population: 28,000. Deaf population: 90,000 to 196,008 (1998). Deaf institutions: 116. The number of languages listed for Australia is 273. Of those, 231 are living languages, 3 are second language without mother-tongue speakers, and 39 are extinct.

:: List of Languages ::

Adynyamathanha
[adt] 20 (1990 Schmidt). South Australia, Flinders Ranges area, Nepabunna. Alternate names: Wailpi, Wailbi, Waljbi, Wipie, Ad’n’amadana, Anjimatana, Anjiwatana, Archualda, Benbakanjamata, Binbarnja, Gadjnjamada, Jandali, Kanjimata, Keydnjmarda, Mardala, Nimalda, Nuralda, Unyamootha, Umbertana. Dialects: Related to Guyani, Banggarla, Nugunu, and Narungga, which may be extinct. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yura Nearly extinct.

Alawa
[alh] 17 to 20 (1991 M. Sharpe). There are 4 partial first-language speakers. Roper River, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Kallana, Leealowa. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Maran, Alawic Nearly extinct.

Alngith
[aid] 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, northeast Cape York Peninsula just north of Weipa. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northern Pama Nearly extinct.

Alyawarr
[aly] 1,500 (1991 Hoogenrad). Sandover and Tennant Creek areas, Northern Territory and Queensland. Alternate names: Alyawarra, Alyawarre, Aljawara, Iliaura, Yowera. Dialects: Related to Arrernte, Arrernte Akerre, Anmatyerre, Kaytetye. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Arandic

Amarag
[amg] 5. Goulburn Island, Oenpelli, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Wureidbug, Amurag. Classification: Australian, Yiwaidjan, Amaragic Nearly extinct.

Ami
[amy] 30 to 35 (1983 Black). Northern Territory, Coast along Anson Bay, southwest of Darwin. Alternate names: Ame, Amijangal. Dialects: May be intelligible with Wadjiginy. Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Wagaydy Nearly extinct.

Andegerebinha
[adg] 10 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northern Territory, Hay River, Pituri Creek area, east of Alyawarra. Alternate names: Andigibinha, Antekerrepinhe. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Arandic Nearly extinct.

Angloromani
[rme] 5,000 in Australia (1985). Alternate names: Romanichal, English Romani, Pogadi Chib. Classification: Mixed Language, English-Romani

Anindilyakwa
[aoi] 1,000 (1983 Black). Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Gulf of Carpenteria. Alternate names: Aninhdhilyagwa, Andiljangwa, Andilyaugwa, Enindiljaugwa, Ingura, Wanindilyaugwa, Groote Eylandt, Enindhilyagwa. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Enindhilyagwa

Anmatyerre
[amx] 800 (1983 Black). Northern Territory, Mt. Allen, Northwest Alice Springs Region. Alternate names: Anmatjirra. Dialects: Eastern Anmatyerre, Western Anmatyerre (Kalenthelkwe, Kelenthwelkere, Kelentheyewelrere). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Arandic

Antakarinya
[ant] 50 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northeast area of South Australia. Alternate names: Andagarinya. Dialects: Closest to Warnman and Western Desert Language. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati Nearly extinct.

Arabana
[ard] 8 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). South Australia, west side of Lake Eyre to Stuart Range, Maree, Port Augusta. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Palku Nearly extinct.

Areba
[aea] 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, southwestern Cape York Peninsula, Bilbert River, northeast of Normanton. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Norman Pama Nearly extinct.

Arrarnta, Western
[are] 1,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northern Territory, Alice Springs area, Hermannsburg. Alternate names: Aranda, Arunta. Dialects: Western Aranda, Akerre (Akara), Southern Aranda. Close to Alyawarr and Gaididj. Wurm and Hattori (1981) and Ruhlen (1987) treat Western Arrarnta and Eastern Arrernte as separate languages. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Arandic

Arrernte, Eastern
[aer] 2,175 (2000 WCD). Northern Territory, Alice Springs area (Mparntwe), Santa Teresa (Ltyentye Apurte), Alcoota, Harts Range (Artetyerre), Bonya (Uthipe Atherre), Amoonguna (Amwengkwerne). Alternate names: Eastern Aranda, Arunta. Dialects: Mparntwe Arrernte, Ikngerripenhe, Akarre, Antekerrepenh. Related to Mparntwe Arrernte, Alyawarr, Arrernte Akarre, Anmatyerre, Kaytetye, Western Arrarnta. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Arandic

Atampaya
[amz] 4 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, extreme northern Cape York Peninsula, Eliot Creek. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northern Pama Nearly extinct.

Australian Aborigines Sign Language
[asw] Southern, central, and western desert regions, coastal Arnhem Land, some islands of north coast, western side of Cape York Peninsula, islands of Torres Strait. Dialects: Not related to Australian Sign Language. Classification: Sign language

Australian Sign Language
[asf] 14,000 (1991 Hyde and Power). Alternate names: Auslan. Dialects: Related to British Sign Language, with influences also from Irish and American sign languages. Classification: Deaf sign language

Ayabadhu
[ayd] 6 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, north of the Coleman River, south of Coen. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama Nearly extinct.

Badimaya
[bia] 20 (1966 Voegelin and Voegelin). Western Australia, northeast of Moora to south of Cue; east to Paynes Find; west to Mullewa. Alternate names: Widimaya, Parti-Maya. Dialects: Related to Wajarri. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wadjari Nearly extinct.

Bandjalang
[bdy] 10 (1983 R. M. W. Dixon). New South Wales, northeastern, Woodenbong. Alternate names: Bandjelang, Bogganger, Bundala, Gidabal, Yugumbe. Dialects: Gidabal (Gidhabal), Yugumbir. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Bandjalangic Nearly extinct.

Bandjigali
[bjd] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). New South Wales, northwest, north, and west of White Cliffs. Alternate names: Baarrundji, Barindji, Marrawarra, Maruara. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Baagandji Nearly extinct.

Bardi
[bcj] 20 (1999 Claire Bowern). Population includes 16 Bardi, 3 Jawi. One Arm Point Aboriginal Community, Lombadina Aboriginal Community, Broome, Derby, Western Kimberley Region Western Australia. Alternate names: Baadi, Bard, Baardi, Badi. Dialects: Bardi, Jawi. Intelligibility is adequate between Bardi and Jawi dialects. Related to Nyikina, Warwa, Djawi, Nimanbur, Nyulnyul, Dyaberdyaber, Dyugun, Yawuru. Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan Nearly extinct.

Barrow Point
[bpt] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Barrow Point on Princess Charlotte Bay and inland. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Guugu Yimidhirr Nearly extinct.

Bayungu
[bxj] 6 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Western Australia, lower Lyndon and Minilya rivers, West Pilbara. Alternate names: Baiong, Baiung, Biong, Bajungu, Pajungu, Payungu, Giong, Mulgarnoo. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Kanyara Nearly extinct.

Bidyara
[bym] 20 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, between Tambo and Augathella, Warrego River and Langlo River. Alternate names: Bidjara, Bitjara, Bithara. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric Nearly extinct.

Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
[bpl] 40 speakers. Broome, Lombardinie, Beagle Bay, La Grange, One Arm Point, Derby. Alternate names: Broom Creole, Koepang Talk, Malay Talk, Japanese Pidgin English. Classification: Pidgin, Malay based

Bunaba
[bck] 50 to 100 (1990 Schmidt). Fitzroy Crossing area, Western Australia. Alternate names: Punapa, Bunuba. Classification: Australian, Bunaban

Burarra
[bvr] 400 to 600 (1990 Schmidt). Maningrida, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Anbarra, Burada, Bureda, Burera, Gidjingaliya Gujingalia, Gujalabiya, Gun-Guragone, Barera, Bawera, Jikai, Tchikai. Dialects: Gunardba (Gun-nartpa) is a related language which may be extinct, or may be an alternate name. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Burarran

Burduna
[bxn] 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Henry and upper Lyndon rivers. Alternate names: Buduna, Boordoona, Budina, Budoona, Purduna, Pinneegooroo, Poodena, Poordoona, Purduma. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Kanyara Nearly extinct.

Darling
[drl] 5. Darling River Basin, New South Wales. Alternate names: Kula, Baagandji, Southern Baagandji. Dialects: Kula, Wiljakali (Wilyagali), Bagundji (Baagandji, Bagandji). Bagundji dialect is widely understood by others (1970 Oates). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Baagandji Nearly extinct.

Dayi
[dax] 200 (1983 Black). Arnhem Land, Roper River, Yirrkala, Lake Evella, Galiwinku, Numbulwam, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Dhay’yi, Dha’i. Dialects: Dhalwangu, Djarrwark. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhuwal

Dhalandji
[dhl] 20 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Western Australia, head of Exmouth Gulf, inland to Ashburton River, West Pilbara. Alternate names: Talandji, Dalandji, Dalendi, Djalendi, Tallainga, Talandi, Talaindji, Talangee, Taloinga, Thalanyji, Thalantji. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Dhalandji Nearly extinct.

Dhangu
[dhg] 350 (1983 Black). Population includes 200 in Gaalpu, 150 in Wangurri. Elcho Island, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Dangu, Dhangu’mi, Djangu. Dialects: Dhangu-Djangu, Gaalpu (Kalbu), Wangurri, Ngaymil, Rirratjingu, Golumala. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhangu

Dhargari
[dhr] 6 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Western Australia, Kennedy Range, upper Minilya and lower Lyons rivers, West Pilbara. Alternate names: Targari, Dal’gari, Tarkarri, Thargari, Tharrgari, Tharrkari. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Inland Ngayarda Nearly extinct.

Dhuwal
[duj] 500 (1983 Black). Population includes 200 Djapu, 160 Liyagalawumirr (clan names). Roper River, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Duala, Dual, Wulamba. Dialects: Dhuwaya, Dhuwal, Liyagawumirr, Marrangu, Marrakulu, Djapu, Liyagalawumirr, Datiwuy. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhuwal

Dirari
[dit] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). South Australia, east of Lake Eyre North. Alternate names: Dhirari. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Karna Nearly extinct.

Djambarrpuyngu
[djr] 450 (1983 Black). Elcho Island, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Djambarbwingu, Jambapuing, Jambapuingo. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhuwal

Djamindjung
[djd] 30 (1990 Schmidt). Victoria River, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Jaminjung. Dialects: Ngaliwuru (Ngaliwerra). Reports indicate that Djamindjung and Ngaliwuru are so close as to be one language; only some older adults can distinguish the difference. Classification: Australian, Djamindjungan Nearly extinct.

Djangun
[djf] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, from Mt. Mulligan south to Alma-den, east to Dimbula, west to Mungana. Alternate names: Jangun Djanggun, Adho-Adhom, Butju, Chungki, Chunkumberries, Chunkunburra, Koko-Mudju, Mutyu, Ngaigungo, Koko-Tyankun. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yalandyic Nearly extinct.

Djauan
[djn] 100 (1983 Black). Bamyili settlement, Northern Territory, and Katherine. Alternate names: Jawan, Adowen, Kumertuo, Jawony, Jawoyn. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Djauanic

Djawi
[djw] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Western Australia, islands from King Sound to Brunswick Bay. Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan Nearly extinct.

Djeebbana
[djj] 100. West Arnhem Land, north coast around Maningrida. Alternate names: Ndjébbana, Gunavidji. Dialects: Not closely related to other languages. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Burarran

Djinang
[dji] 250 (1982 SIL). Ramingining, Goyder, and Blyth rivers, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Jandijinung. Dialects: Djadiwitjibi, Mildjingi, Wulaki, Balurbi, Murrungun, Manyarring. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Djinang

Djinba
[djb] 60 to 90 (1989 Waters). Population includes 70 Ganalbingu (1983 Black). Dabi is nearly extinct (1991 SIL). Ngangalala, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, southeast adjoining Djinang area. Dialects: Ganalbingu, Dabi, Mandjalpingu. Lexical similarity 60% with Djinang. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Djinang

Djingili
[jig] 10 (1997). Newcastle Waters, Ash Burton Range area, Elliott, Northern Territory, Elsey Station. Alternate names: Djingulu, Jingali, Tjingilu, Chingalee, Djingila, Lee, Chunguloo, Tchingalee, Jingulu. Classification: Australian, West Barkly Nearly extinct.

Djiwarli
[djl] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Western Australia, northwest, north of Mount Augustus. Alternate names: Djwarli, Tjiwarli, Thiin. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Inland Ngayarda Nearly extinct.

Dyaabugay
[dyy] 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, Barron River from south of Mareeba to Kuranda, north to Port Douglas on a plateau. Alternate names: Dyabugay, Tjapukai, Bulum-Bulum, Check-Cull, Chewlie, Djabugai, Hileman, Kodgotto, Kikonjunkulu, Kokonyungalo, Koko-Tjumbundji, Ngarlkajie, Orlow, Tjabakai-Thandji, Tjabogaijanji, Tjankir, Tjankun, Tjapunkandji, Tjunbundji. Dialects: Njakali (Nyakali, Nyagali), Dyaabugay, Gulay. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yidinic Nearly extinct.

Dyaberdyaber
[dyb] 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Western Australia, coast south of Beagle Bay and inland. Alternate names: Jabirr-Jabirr. Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan Nearly extinct.

Dyangadi
[dyn] 5 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). New South Wales, Kempsey area, Armidale, Macleay River. Alternate names: Djan-Gadi, Dainggati, Boorkutti, Burgadi, Dangadi, Dangati, Danggadi, Danggetti, Ghangatty, Tangetti, Thangatti, Thangatty. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Dyangadi Nearly extinct.

Dyirbal
[dbl] 40 to 50 (1983 R. M. W. Dixon). Northeast Queensland, Herberton south to headwaters of Herbert River, to Cashmere, at Ravenshoe, Millaa Millaa, and Woodleigh, east to Tully Falls. Alternate names: Djirubal. Dialects: Dyiru, Girramay (Keramai), Gulnguy (Gulngay), Mamu, Ngadjan (Ngatjan). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Dyirbalic Nearly extinct.

Dyugun
[dyd] 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Western Australia, coast around Broome and inland. Alternate names: Jukun. Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan Nearly extinct.

English
[eng] 15,682,000 in Australia (1987). Dialects: Australian Standard English, Aboriginal English, Neo-Nyungar (Noonga, Noongar, Noogar). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English

Erre
[err] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northern Territory, Red Lily area west of Oenpelli; around East Alligator River, Mt. Howship. Alternate names: Ere, Ari. Classification: Australian, Giimbiyu Nearly extinct.

Flinders Island
[fln] 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Flinders Island, Princess Charlotte Bay. Alternate names: Yalgawarra. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Flinders Island Nearly extinct.

Gadjerawang
[gdh] 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Western Australia and Northern Territory, north coast from Wyndham to mouth of Victoria River and inland. Alternate names: Gadjerong, Kajirrawung. Classification: Australian, Djeragan Nearly extinct.

Gagadu
[gbu] 6 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northern Territory, Oenpelli. Alternate names: Gaagudju, Kakdjuan, Kakdju, Kakadu, Abdedal, Abiddul, Kakakta. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Gagudjuan Nearly extinct.

Gambera
[gma] 6 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Western Australia, Admiralty Gulf, far northern Kimberleys area. Alternate names: Gamberre, Gambre, Gamgre, Guwan, Kambera. Classification: Australian, Wororan Nearly extinct.

Gamilaraay
[kld] 3 (1997 Coonabarabran Public School). Barwon, Bundarra, Balonne rivers, Liverpool Plains and upper Hunter River, central northern New South Wales. Alternate names: Camileroi, Gamilaroi, Kamilaroi. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Wiradhuric Nearly extinct.

Ganggalida
[gcd] 5 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Near Bourketown, Queensland. Alternate names: Kangkalita, Ganggalita, Jugula, Jakula, Yukala, Yukulta, Yugulda, Yokula. Dialects: Kangkalita, Nguburindi. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Tangic Nearly extinct.

Garawa
[gbc] 200 (1990 Schmidt). There may be 10 speakers of the Wanji dialect (2000 Nick Adams). Borroloola, Northern Territory and Doomadgee, Queensland. Waanyi were originally in North Australia. Alternate names: Karawa, Leearrawa, Gaarwa, Garrwa. Dialects: Wanji (Wainyi, Waanyi). Classification: Australian, Garawan

Garig-Ilgar
[ilg] 4 (2003 N. Evans). Population includes 3 Ilgar, 1 Garig. Mainland of Cobourg Peninsula, around Port Essington, Northern Territory. Dialects: Ilgar, Garig. Classification: Australian, Yiwaidjan, Yiwaidjic Nearly extinct.

Giyug
[giy] 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Peron Islands in Anson Bay, southwest of Darwin. Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Wagaydy Nearly extinct.

Gooniyandi
[gni] 100 (1990 Schmidt). Gogo, Fossil Downs, Louisa, and Margaret River stations, Western Australia. Alternate names: Guniyandi, Guniandi, Gunian, Kunian, Kuniyan, Guniyan, Guniyn, Kunan, Koneyandi, Konejandi. Classification: Australian, Bunaban Nearly extinct.

Gudanji
[nji] 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northern Territory, Barkly Tableland, northeast of Lake Woods, Tennant Creek, Elliott, and Borroloola. Alternate names: Kurdanji, Ngarnga. Dialects: Binbinka, Ngarnga. Classification: Australian, West Barkly Nearly extinct.

Gugadj
[ggd] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, north coast from west of Karumba inland on Norman River. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Flinders Pama Nearly extinct.

Gugu Badhun
[gdc] 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, west of Ingham and Abergowrie almost to Einasleigh. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric Nearly extinct.

Gugubera
[kkp] 15 (1991 SIL). Ethnic population: 50 (1990 Schmidt). Around the mouth of Mission River, Mitchell River, Queensland. Alternate names: Kukubera, Koko Bera, Koko Pera, Berang, Paperyn, Kok Kaber. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Coastal Pama Nearly extinct.

Guguyimidjir
[kky] 20 to 30 (1991 Wayne Rosendale). 200 to 300 know and understand the language but prefer English. Ethnic population: 400 (1990 Schmidt). Hopevale, Queensland. Alternate names: Kukuyimidir, Koko Imudji, Gugu Yimijir, Guugu Yimithirr, Gugu-Yimidhirr. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Guugu-Yimidhirr Nearly extinct.

Gumatj
[gnn] 300 (1983 Black). Yirrkala, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Gomadj, Gumait, Gumaj. Dialects: Mangalili. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhuwal

Gungabula
[gyf] 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, around Injune. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric Nearly extinct.

Gunwinggu
[gup] 1,511 (2000 WCD). Oenpelli, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Maningrida, Croker Island. Alternate names: Gunawitji, Mayali, Kunwinjku, Gunwinjgu. Dialects: Gumadir, Muralidban, Gunei, Gundjeipme, Naiali. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Gunwinggic

Gunya
[gyy] 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, around Wyandra. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric Nearly extinct.

Gupapuyngu
[guf] 450 (1983 Black). 500 in other Dhuwal varieties besides those listed. Milingimbi, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, and Elcho Islands. Alternate names: Gobabingo, Gubabwingu. Dialects: Gupapuyngu, Madarrpa, Manggalili, Munyuku, Wubulkarra, Walangu. About 45 related dialects. Close to Gumatj. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhuwal

Guragone
[gge] 20 (1990 Schmidt). Arnhem Land, south of Maningrida, along the Mann River, northwest of the Rembarrnga language, east of the Gunwinygu language. Alternate names: Gurrogone, Gurrgoni, Gorogone, Gun-Guragone, Gungorogone, Gunagoragone, Gutjertabia. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Burarran Nearly extinct.

Gurdjar
[gdj] 30 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northeastern side of Norman River, Normanton, western Queensland. Alternate names: Kurtjjar. Dialects: Speakers say it is similar to Kunggar. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Norman Pama Nearly extinct.

Gurinji
[gue] 250 (1983 Black). Population includes 400 partial speakers. Victoria River and Wave Hill, Kalkaringi, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Gurindji, Wurlayi. Dialects: Malngin, Wanyjirra (Wandjirra). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngumbin

Guwamu
[gwu] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, between St. George, Moonie River, Surat, Maranoa River. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric Nearly extinct.

Iwaidja
[ibd] 150 (2000 N. Evans). Croker Island, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Iwaydja, Iwaidji, Ibadjo, Eiwaja, Jiwadja, Limba, Karadjee. Dialects: Iwaydja. Classification: Australian, Yiwaidjan, Yiwaidjic

Jarnango
[jay] 40 (1983 Black). Two of the most western Crocodile Islands, adjacent to Cape Stewart, Maningrida and Milingimbi, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Yan-Nhangu, Nangu, Yanangu. Dialects: Garmalangga, Gurjindi. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhangu Nearly extinct.

Jaru
[ddj] 250 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Halls Creek, Ringers Soak, southeastern Kimberley Region Western Australia. Alternate names: Djaru, Jaroo, Tjaru, Wawari. Dialects: Nyininy, Djaru. Nyininy is inherently intelligible with Jaru (Black 1983). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngumbin

Kala Lagaw Ya
[mwp] 3,000 to 4,000 (1990 Schmidt). Western Torres Strait Islands, Queensland; including Mabuiag, Badu, Moa, Kubin, Saibai, Boigu, Dauan, Yam, Sue, Yorke, Coconut, Thursday, Bamaga Islands; Townsville. Alternate names: Kala Yagaw Ya, Yagar Yagar, Mabuiag, Kala Lagau Langgus, Langus, Kala Lagaw. Dialects: Kalaw Kawaw. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Kala Lagaw Ya

Kamu
[xmu] 2 (1967). Northern Territory, south of Darwin, east of Daly River. Alternate names: Gamor. Classification: Australian, Daly, Malagmalag, Daly Proper Nearly extinct.

Kanju
[kbe] 50 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Central Cape York, Queensland. Alternate names: Kandju, Kaantyu, Gandju, Gandanju, Kamdhue, Kandyu, Kanyu, Karnu, Jabuda, Neogulada, Yaldiye-Ho. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northeastern Pama Nearly extinct.

Karadjeri
[gbd] 12 (1991 SIL). Roebuck Bay to seventy miles inland, Broome, Western Australia, La Grange mission. Alternate names: Karajarri, Karrajarri, Garadjiri, Garadyari, Guradjara, Gard’are. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Marngu Nearly extinct.

Kayardild
[gyd] 6 (2000 Evans). Ethnic population: 150. Queensland, Bentinck Island, Gulf of Carpentaria. Alternate names: Gajadilt, Gajardild, Gayadilt, Gayardild, Gayardilt, Kaiadilt, Malununda. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Tangic Nearly extinct.

Kaytetye
[gbb] 200 (1983 Black). North of Alice Springs, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Kaiditj, Kaititj, Gaididj. Dialects: Related to Alyawarr. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Arandic

Kitja
[gia] 100 (1983 Black). Near Hall’s Creek and Turkey Creek, Western Australia. Alternate names: Kija, Gidja, Kidja. Dialects: Closest to Miriwung. Related to Kuluwarrang (Guluwarin, Guluwarung). Classification: Australian, Djeragan

Kokata
[ktd] 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). South Australia, Pimba, Mt. Eba, Coober Peby. Alternate names: Gugada, Kokitta, Koocatho, Koogurda, Kokatha, Kugurda, Kukata, Madutara, Maduwonga, Wanggamadu, Wongamardu. Dialects: Different from Kukatja. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati Nearly extinct.

Kriol
[rop] 10,000 (1991 B. Borneman SIL). Roper River, Katherine areas, Ngukurr, Northern Territory; Kimberley Region Western Australia; Gulf Country, Lower Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. Alternate names: Roper-Bamyili Creole. Dialects: Roper River Kriol (Roper River Pidgin), Bamyili Creole, Barkly Kriol, Fitzroy Valley Kriol, Daly River Kriol. Kimberley Kriol has many differences with Ngukkur Kriol. Both Kriol and Torres Strait Creole are spreading, and are nearly overlapping in Queensland. Classification: Creole, English based, Pacific

Kukatja
[kux] 300 (1983 Black). Balgo, Lake Gregory and area to the east, south of Halls Creek, Western Australia. Alternate names: Kukaja, Gugadja. Dialects: Different from Kokata. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati

Kuku-Mangk
[xmq] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, east coast south of Aurukun. Alternate names: Kugu-Mangk. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama Nearly extinct.

Kuku-Mu’inh
[xmp] 7 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, east coast south of Aurukun. Alternate names: Kugu-Mu’inh. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama Nearly extinct.

Kuku-Muminh
[xmh] 31 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, east coast south of Aurukun. Alternate names: Kugu-Muminh, Wik Muminh, Wik-Mumin, Kugu. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama Nearly extinct.

Kuku-Ugbanh
[ugb] 6 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, west coast Cape York Peninsula below Aurukun. Alternate names: Kugu-Ugbanh. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama Nearly extinct.

Kuku-Uwanh
[uwa] 40 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, east coast south of Aurukun. Alternate names: Kugu-Uwanh. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama Nearly extinct.

Kuku-Yalanji
[gvn] 700 (2000 SIL). Wujal-Wujal, Bloomfield River, Daintree and Mossman, Queensland, between Cooktown and Mossman. Centers are Wujal-Wujal, Bloomfield River (Ayton), Daintree, and Mossman. Alternate names: Guguyalanji, Koko-Yalanji, Kuku-Yalangi. Dialects: Kuku-Nyungkul, Kuku-Biraji. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yalandyic

Kumbainggar
[kgs] 10 (2000). New South Wales, Grafton and north coast. Alternate names: Gumbaingari, Gumbaynggir, Kumbaingeri, Gambalamam, Baanbay. Dialects: Also related to Yaygirr. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Gumbaynggiric Nearly extinct.

Kunbarlang
[wlg] 50 to 100 (1983 Black). Oenpelli, Maningrida, and Goulburn Island, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Gunbalang, Walang, Warlang, Gungalang, Gunbarlang. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Gunwinggic Nearly extinct.

Kunggara
[kvs] 10 (1971 SIL). Normanton, Delta, Queensland. Alternate names: Gunggara, Kunggera, Goom-Gharra. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Norman Pama Nearly extinct.

Kunggari
[kgl] 10. Upper Nebine and Mungallala Creeks, Queensland. Alternate names: Coongurri, Ungorri, Gungari, Gunggari. Dialects: Related to Birria, which may be extinct. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric Nearly extinct.

Kunjen
[kjn] 20 to 25 (1991 Bruce Sommer). 40 with some knowledge. Ethnic population: 300 (1991 Bruce Sommer). Wrotham Park, Kowanyama, Edward River, Queensland. Alternate names: Guguminjen, Kukumindjen. Dialects: Ulkulu, Oykangand (Olgol, Olgolo, Olgel, Ogondyan). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Central Pama Nearly extinct.

Kurrama
[vku] 50 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Western Australia, northwest, southeast of Pannawonica. Alternate names: Kurama, Gurama, Karama, Korama. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Coastal Ngayarda Nearly extinct.

Kuthant
[xut] 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, southwest Cape York Peninsula, north of Karumba and Normanton. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Norman Pama Nearly extinct.

Kuuku-Ya’u
[kuy] 100 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, northeastern Cape York Peninsula south of Temple Bay. Alternate names: Ya’o, Koko-Ja’o, Kokoyao, Bagadji, Pakadji. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northeastern Pama

Kwini
[gww] 50 (1979 Black). Kalumburu, Western Australia. Alternate names: Gwini, Gwiini, Cuini, Gunin, Wunambal, Goonan, Kunan. Classification: Australian, Wororan

Lamu-Lamu
[lby] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Bamiga, Queensland, and Coen. Alternate names: Lamulamul, Lamalama, Lama-Lama, Mba Rumbathama. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Lamalamic Nearly extinct.

Laragia
[lrg] 6 (1983 Black). Darwin area, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Larakia, Larakiya, Laragiya, Gulumirrgin. Classification: Australian, Laragiyan Nearly extinct.

Lardil
[lbz] 2 (2000 Evans). Mornington Island, Queensland. Alternate names: Ladil, Lardill, Laierdila, Kunana. Dialects: Related to Kayardild, Nyangga, Yugulda. Initiated males learn Damin, which has a very different phonology from Lardil (1992 R. M. W. Dixon OIEL, Vol. 1, p. 137). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Lardil Nearly extinct.

Limilngan
[lmc] 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, between Mary River and W. Alligator River, from coast and inland. Alternate names: Manadja, Minitji. Classification: Australian, Limilngan-Wulna Nearly extinct.

Madngele
[zml] 15 to 20 (1983 Black). Northern Territory, south of Darwin and Daly River, west bank of Muldiva River. Alternate names: Matngala, Matngele, Warat, Madngela, Maangella, Mandella, Muttangulla. Dialects: Related to Kamu and Yunggor, which may be extinct. Classification: Australian, Daly, Malagmalag, Daly Proper Nearly extinct.

Malay, Cocos Islands
[coa] 1,000 in Australia. Population includes 495 in Cocos Islands (1987), 558 on Christmas Island (1987). Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Christmas Island. Alternate names: Cocos, Kokos, Kukus. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Malayan, Local Malay

Manda
zma] 25 (1983 Black). Northern Territory, coast southwest of Anson Bay, southwest of Darwin. Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Wagaydy Nearly extinct.

Mandandanyi
[zmk] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, around Roma from Maranoa River to near Miles and Wandoan. Alternate names: Mandandanjnjdji. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric Nearly extinct.

Mangarayi
[mpc] 50 (1983 Black). Mataranka and Elsey stations, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Mungerry, Mangarai, Manggarai, Mungarai, Mangarrayi, Ngarrabadji. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Mangarayic Nearly extinct.

Mangerr
[zme] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Arnhem Land around Oenpelli. Alternate names: Mengerrdji, Mangerei, Mennagi, Mangeri, Giimbiyu. Dialects: Intelligible with Urningangg (Black). Classification: Australian, Giimbiyu Nearly extinct.

Mara
[mec] 15 (1991 M. Sharpe). Roper River area, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Leelalwarra, Leelawarra, Mala, Marra. Dialects: Related to Warndarrang and Yugul, which may be extinct. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Maran, Mara Nearly extinct.

Maranunggu
[zmr] 15 to 20 (1983 Black). Southwest of Darwin, inland from Anson Bay, east of Manda. Alternate names: Merranunggu, Emmi, Warrgat. Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Wagaydy Nearly extinct.

Margany
[zmc] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, between Quilpie and Wyandra, Bulloo River and Paroo River. Alternate names: Marrganj. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric Nearly extinct.

Margu
[mhg] 1 (2000 Evans). Croker Island, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Ajokoot, Jaako, Terutong, Terrutong, Marrgu, Raffles Bay, Croker Island, Yaako, Yako. Classification: Australian, Yiwaidjan, Margic Nearly extinct.

Maridan
[zmd] 20 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Southwest of Darwin, north of Moyle River, east of Magadige. Alternate names: Meradan. Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Bringen Nearly extinct.

Maridjabin
[zmj] 20 (1970 Oates). Northern Territory, inland from Anson Bay, south of Mariyedi and Manda, southwest of Darwin. Alternate names: Maretyabin, Maridyerbin, Maredyerbin. Dialects: May be intelligible with Marithiel or Maringarr. Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Bringen Nearly extinct.

Marimanindji
[zmm] 15 (1983 Black). Northern Territory, south of Darwin and Daly River, west of Muldiva River, near headwaters. Alternate names: Maramarandji, Maramanandji, Marimanindu, Murinmanindji, Marramaninjsji. Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Bringen Nearly extinct.

Maringarr
[zmt] 30 to 40 (1983 Black). Northern Territory south of Moyle River, southwest of Darwin. Alternate names: Marenggar, Maringa. Dialects: Maranunggu (Marranunga, Maramanunggu, Merranunggu, Warrgat). May be intelligible with other Bringen languages. Lexical similarity 40% with Mullukmulluk and Murrinh-Patha. Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Bringen Nearly extinct.

Marithiel
[mfr] 25 (1983 Black). 30 to 50 miles south of Daly River and central Daly River; Daly River Mission, Bagot, Delissaville, Roper River Mission, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Maridhiyel, Marithiyel, Marrithiyel, Maridhiel, “Brinken”, “Bringen”, Berringen. Dialects: Marithiel, Nganygit, Mare-Ammu (Mari-Ammu). Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Bringen Nearly extinct.

Mariyedi
[zmy] 20 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Inland from Anson Bay, south of Manda, southwest of Darwin. Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Bringen Nearly extinct.

Marti Ke
[zmg] 10 (2001 Alexander). Ethnic population: 100. Wadeye, Northern Territory, coast south from Moyle River estuary to Port Keat, southwest of Darwin. Alternate names: Magati-Ge, Magadige, Mati Ke, Magati Gair. Dialects: Close to Marringarr, Marrathiel. Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Bringen Nearly extinct.

Martu Wangka
[mpj] 720 (1991 SIL). Population includes 100 in Wankajunga (1991). Western Australia, Jigalong area, western side of Lake Disappointment, Great Sandy Desert. Alternate names: Mardo, Targudi. Dialects: Manyjilyjara (Mantjiltjara), Kartujarra (Kartutjara, Kardutjara, Kadaddjara, Kardutjarra, Kiadjara, Gardudjara, Gagudjara), Puditara (Budidjara, Putujara), Yulparitja (Yilparitja, Yulbaridja), Wangkajunga (Wangkajungka). Mantjiltjara and Kartutjara are two ethnic groups speaking almost identical dialects. High inherent intelligibility between Yulparitja and Wangkajunga. Speakers of the 4 dialects can use the same written language with possible minor adjustments, including vocabulary change, partly needed because of cultural identity factors. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati

Martuyhunira
[vma] 5 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Western Australia, northwest coast southwest of Dampier and inland. Alternate names: Martuthunira. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Coastal Ngayarda Nearly extinct.

Maung
[mph] 200 (1983 Black). Goulburn Island, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Gunmarung, Mawung, Gun-Marung. Dialects: Garig is reported to be related. Classification: Australian, Yiwaidjan, Yiwaidjic

Mayaguduna
[xmy] 2. Queensland, near north coast, inland between Leichhardt River and Flinders River. Alternate names: Mayi-Kutuna. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Mayabic Nearly extinct.

Mbabaram
[vmb] 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Alternate names: Mbara. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Southern Pama Nearly extinct.

Mbariman-Gudhinma
[zmv] 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, southwest coast of Princess Charlotte Bay. Alternate names: Rimang-Gudinhma. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Mbariman Nearly extinct.

Meriam
[ulk] 300 to 400 (1991 Rod Kennedy). Murray Island, Eastern Torres Strait Islands, Queensland. Not in Papua New Guinea. Alternate names: Miriam-Mir, Miriam, Mer, Mir, East Torres. Dialects: Boigu, Bulgai, Buglial, Tagota. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Trans-Fly-Bulaka River, Trans-Fly, Eastern Trans-Fly

Miriwung
[mep] 10 to 20 (1990 Schmidt). Kununurra, Western Australia, and Turkey Creek. Alternate names: Mirung, Merong, Miriwun, Miriwoong. Classification: Australian, Djeragan Nearly extinct.

Miwa
[vmi] 4 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Western Australia, Drysdale River, far northern Kimberleys area. Alternate names: Bagu. Classification: Australian, Wororan Nearly extinct.

Mudbura
[mwd] 50 (1983 Black). Victoria River to Barkly Tablelands, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Mudburra, Karranga, Pinkangama. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngumbin Nearly extinct.

Mullukmulluk
[mpb] 9 to 11 (1988 SIL). Northern bank of Daly River, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Malak-Malak, Malagmalag, Ngolak-Wonga, Nguluwongga. Classification: Australian, Daly, Malagmalag, Malagmalag Proper Nearly extinct.

Muluridyi
[vmu] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, headwaters of Mitchell River to Mt. Carbine, Rumula, Mareeba, Woodville. Alternate names: Binjara, Kokomoloroij, Kokomoloroitji, Kookanoona, Molloroidyi, Mooloroiji, Mularitchee, Mullridgey, Mulurutji, Waluridji. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yalandyic Nearly extinct.

Murrinh-Patha
[mwf] 900 (1990 Schmidt). Port Keats area, Wadeye, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Murinbada, Murinbata, Garama. Dialects: Murrinhpatha, Murrinhkura, Murrinhdiminin. Classification: Australian, Daly, Murrinh-Patha

Muruwari
[zmu] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland and New South Wales from Bollon, Dirranbandi, Weilmoringle, Bourke, almost to Cunnamulla. Alternate names: Murawari, Muruwarri. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Muruwaric Nearly extinct.

Nakara
[nck] 75 to 100 (1983 Black). Maningrida, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Goulburn Island. Alternate names: Kokori, Nagara, Nakkara. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Burarran

Nangikurrunggurr
[nam] 275 (1988 SIL). Population includes 40 Ngengiwumerri (1983 Black). Junction of Flora and Daly rivers, Daly River Mission, Tipperary Station, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Ngenkikurrunggur, Ngangikarangurr, Ngankikurrunkurr, Nangikurunggurr. Dialects: Tyemeri (Moil, Ngankikurrunkurr), Ngenkiwumerri (Nangumiri, Nangiomeri, Angomerry, Marewumiri, Nangimera, Ngangomori), Ngangi-Tjemerri, Ngangi-Wumeri. Lexical similarity 84% with Ngengiwumerri dialect. Classification: Australian, Daly, Murrinh-Patha

Ngaanyatjarra
[ntj] 1,200 (1995 D. Hackett). Warburton Ranges, Western Australia. Alternate names: Nyanganyatjara, Ngaanyatjara, Ngaanjatjarra. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati

Ngadjunmaya
[nju] 10 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Western Australia, Eyre’s Sand Patch, Goddard Creek to Port Malcolm, to Fraser Range, to Naretha and Point Culver, at Mount Andres, Russell Range, Balladonia, and Norseman. Alternate names: Badonjunga, Bardojunga, Ngadju, Ngadjunmaia, Ngadjumaja, Ngatjumay, Ngatju, Tchaakalaaga. Dialects: Related to Kalarko. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Mirning Nearly extinct.

Ngalakan
[nig] 10 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Roper River area, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Hongalla, Ngalangan. Dialects: Related to Ngalkbun and Rembarranga. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Rembargic Nearly extinct.

Ngalkbun
[ngk] 20 (2000 N. Evans). Oenpelli, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Katherine area. Alternate names: Ngalkbon, Dalabon, Buin, Boun, Buan, Bouin, Buwan, Gundangbon, Ngalabon, Nalabon, Dangbon. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Ngalkbun Nearly extinct.

Ngamini
[nmv] 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). South Australia around Narburton Creek. Alternate names: Yarluyandji, Karangura. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Karna Nearly extinct.

Ngarinman
[nbj] 170 (1983 Black). Victoria River around Jasper Creek, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Airiman, Hainman, Ngaiman, Ngrarmun. Dialects: Bilinara (Pilinara). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngumbin

Ngarinyin
[ung] 82 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Derby to King River, Kimberley, Western Australia. Alternate names: Ungarinyin, Ungarinjin. Dialects: Wilawila, Wolyamidi, Guwidj, Wurla (Worla, Worlaja, Wula, Ola, Walar, Wuladja, Wuladjangari). Classification: Australian, Wororan

Ngarla
[nlr] 8 (1991 SIL). 10 partial speakers. Western Australia, Port Hedland area. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Inland Ngayarda Nearly extinct.

Ngarluma
[nrl] 70 (1970 C.G. von Brandenstein). Western Australia, northwest coast around Roebourne and inland. Alternate names: Ngaluma, Gnalouma, Gnalluma, Ngallooma. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Coastal Ngayarda Nearly extinct.

Ngawun
[nxn] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, southwest of Croydon, between Flinders River and Norman River. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Mayabic Nearly extinct.

Ngura
[nbx] 6 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Population includes 1 Punthamara, 4 Wongkumara, 2 Badjiri, and 1 Kalali. Northwestern New South Wales and southwestern Queensland. Dialects: Punthamara (Bundhamara), Kalali (Galali, Garlali), Wongkumara (Wangkumara, Wangumarra), Badjiri, Bidjara, Dhiraila, Garandala, Mambangura, Mingbari, Ngurawarla, Yarumarra. Wurm and Hattori list the dialects as separate languages. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Ngura Nearly extinct.

Ngurmbur
[nrx] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, between West and South Alligator rivers, northeast of Umbugarla. Alternate names: Ngormbur, Gnormbur, Gnumbu, Koarnbut, Ngumbur, Oormbur. Classification: Australian, Umbugarla-Ngumbur Nearly extinct.

Nhuwala
[nhf] 10 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Western Australia, northwest, Barrow and Monte Bello Islands and nearby coast. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Coastal Ngayarda Nearly extinct.

Nijadali
[nad] 6 (1990 SIL). Western Australia, Marblebar, and possibly some at Nulagine. Alternate names: Njijapali, Nyiypali, Nyiyabali, Bailko, Balygu, Palyku, Paljgu, Balgu, Jauna. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Nijadali Nearly extinct.

Nimanbur
[nmp] 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Western Australia, southwest of King Sound, and inland. Alternate names: Nimanburru. Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan Nearly extinct.

Nungali
[nug] 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Upper Daly River area, Northern Territory. Classification: Australian, Djamindjungan Nearly extinct.

Nunggubuyu
[nuy] 300 (1991 M. Hore ANG). 400 partial- or second-language speakers. Numbulwar, east Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Nunggubuju, Wubuy, Yingkwira. Dialects: Not intelligible with other languages. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Enindhilyagwa

Nyamal
[nly] 20 to 30 (1991 SIL). Western Australia, northwest, around Bamboo Creek, Marble Bar, Nullagine, to coast just east of Port Hedland. Alternate names: Gnamo, Namel, Njamal, Njamarl, Nyamel. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Inland Ngayarda Nearly extinct.

Nyangga
[nny] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, head of Gilbert River, south of Forsayth to Gledswood and Gregory Range to Oak Park and Glenora; Northern Territory, coast east of Robinson River. Alternate names: Janga, Jangaa, Jangga, Njangga, Yanggal, Jang-Kala, Njanggala, Yangkaal, Yangarella, Yuckamurri. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Tangic Nearly extinct.

Nyangumarta
[nna] 520 (1991 SIL). Marble Bar, Port Hedlund, Tjalku Wara, Western Australia. Alternate names: Nyangumarda, Nyangumata. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Marngu

Nyawaygi
[nyt] 3 (1981). Northeast Queensland, Herberton south to headwaters of Herbert River, to Cashmere, at Ravenshoe, Millaa Millaa and Woodleigh, east to Tully Falls. Alternate names: Nawagi. Dialects: Related to Wulguru, Bindal, and Yuru, which may be extinct. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Dyirbalic Nearly extinct.

Nyigina
[nyh] 50 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Lower Fitzroy River, Western Australia. Alternate names: Nyikina, Njigina. Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan Nearly extinct.

Nyulnyul
[nyv] 1 (2001 McGregor). Western Australia, West Kimberley, coast around Beagle Bay. Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan Nearly extinct.

Pakanha
[pkn] 10 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, central Cape York Peninsula, south of Coleman River. Alternate names: Bakanha. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama Nearly extinct.

Panytyima
[pnw] 50 (1972 B. Geytenbeek). Western Australia, northwest, east southeast of Tom Price. Alternate names: Pandjima, Panjtjima, Bandjima, Panjima, Panyjima, Banjima. Dialects: Related to Yinawongga, Ngarlawangga, Ngarla, Tjurruru, which may be extinct, and Nyamal. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Inland Ngayarda Nearly extinct.

Pini
[pii] 10. Three Rivers, Western Australia. Alternate names: Piniritjara, Pirniritjara, Bini, Birni. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati Nearly extinct/.

Pinigura
[pnv] 5 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Western Australia, northwest, inland on Duck Creek. Alternate names: Binigura, Pinikura. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Dhalandji Nearly extinct.

Pintiini
[pti] 200 to 300 (1983 Black). Western Australia, northern margin of Nullabor Plain from north of Hughes. Alternate names: Pindiini, Wangada, Wanggaji, Wangkatja, Wonga, Wongai-I, Wonggaii. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati

Pintupi-Luritja
[piu] 800 (1983 Black). 90% monolingual. Papunya settlement, Yuendumu and Kintore, Northern Territory, and Balgo Hills, Western Australia. Alternate names: Pintubi, Binddibu, Loridja. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati

Pitcairn-Norfolk
[pih] Alternate names: Pitcairn English. Classification: Cant, English-Tahitian

Pitjantjatjara
[pjt] 2,500 (1995 Paul Eckert). 80% monolingual. Pitjantjatjara Freehold lands, northwest South Australia, surrounding areas, and Yalata. Alternate names: Pitjantjara. Dialects: Yankunytjatjara, Pitjantjatjara (Pithantjatjarra). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati

Pitta Pitta
[pit] 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Boulia, Queensland. Alternate names: Pita Pita, Pitha-Pitha, Bidhabidha, Bida-Bida. Dialects: Related to Gangalanya, Garanya, Lhanima, Ngurlubulu, Ragaya, Rangwa, Yurlayurlanya, which may be extinct, and Wanggamala. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Palku Nearly extinct.

Rembarunga
[rmb] 150 (1983 Black). Roper River area, Maningrida and outstations, Katherine area, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Rembarranga, Rembarrnga, Rainbargo, Kaltuy. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Rembargic

Ritarungo
[rit] 300 (1983 Black). Eastern Arnhem Land (Rose River, Roper River), Northern Territory. Alternate names: Ritarnugu, Ritharngu, Ridharrngu, Ritharrngu, Ridarngo, Wagelak, Wawilag. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhuwal

Thayore
[thd] 150 (1991 SIL). Ethnic population: 350 (1982 A. Hall). Between Edward and Coleman rivers, Western Cape York, Queensland. Alternate names: Kuuk Thaayoore, Kuuk Thaayorre, Thaayore, Thayorre, Taior, Gugudayor, Kuktayor, Kukudayore, Behran. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Western Pama

Thaypan
[typ] 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, central Cape York Peninsula, Coleman River. Alternate names: Kuku-Thaypan. Dialects: Related to Takalak. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Rarmul Pama Nearly extinct.

Tiwi
[tiw] 1,500 (1983 Black). Population includes nonfluent speakers. Bathurst and Melville Islands, Nguiu, Northern Territory. Classification: Australian, Tiwian

Torres Strait Creole
[tcs] 23,400 (1989 J. Holm). Torres Strait Islands, towns on upper Cape York and some towns on the east coast of north Queensland. Alternate names: Torres Strait Pidgin, Torres Strait Broken, Cape York Creole, Lockhart Creole, West Torres. Dialects: Ap-Ne-Ap, Modern Langus. Lexical similarity 80% with English. Classification: Creole, English based, Pacific

Tyaraity
[woa] 10 (1983 Black). Delissaville, Northern Territory. They were originally near the mouth of the Reynold River. Alternate names: Dyeraidy, Daktjerat, Tjerait, Djeradj, Djerag, Kuwema. Classification: Australian, Daly, Malagmalag, Malagmalag Proper Nearly extinct.

Umbindhamu
[umd] 6 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, north of Coen. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Umbindhamuic Nearly extinct.

Umbugarla
[umr] 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, southeast of Limilngan, between Mary River and South Alligator River. Alternate names: Mbakarla. Classification: Australian, Umbugarla-Ngumbur Nearly extinct.

Umbuygamu
[umg] 7 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, east coast of Princess Charlotte Bay. Alternate names: Moroba-Lama. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Lamalamic Nearly extinct.

Umpila
[ump] 100 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Cape Sidmouth and north nearly to Night Island, Queensland. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northeastern Pama

Uradhi
[urf] 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, northeast Cape York Peninsula, North Alice Creek. Dialects: Related to Gudang, Wuthati, Luthigh (Mpalitjanh), Yinwum, Ngkoth, Aritinngithigh, Mbiywom, Andyingit. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northern Pama Nearly extinct.

Urningangg
[urc] 10 (1983 Black). Arnhem Land, northwest; upper reaches of Alligator River. Alternate names: Uningangk, Wuningak. Dialects: Intelligible with Mangerr. Classification: Australian, Giimbiyu Nearly extinct.

Wadjiginy
[wdj] 12 (1988 SIL). Southwest of Darwin along coast and inland along Finniss River. Alternate names: Wogaity, Wagaydy. Dialects: Pungupungu (Kuwama, Patjtjamalh, Kandjerramal). Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Wagaydy Nearly extinct.

Wadjigu
[wdu] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, southwest of Fairbairn Reservoir. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric Nearly extinct.

Wagaya
[wga] 10 (1983 Black). Northern Territory, Avon Downs, Camooweal, Austral Downs, area north of Lake Nash. Alternate names: Wakaya, Waagai, Waagi, Wagai, Wagaja, Waggaia, Wakaja, Wakkaja, Warkya, Worgai, Worgaia, Workia, Leewakya, Ukkia. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Wagaya-Warluwaric, Warluwara-Thawa Nearly extinct.

Wageman
[waq] 10 (2000). South of Pine Creek, Tipperary Station, and Bagot, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Wogeman, Wagiman. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Wagiman Nearly extinct.

Wajarri
[wbv] 50 (1981 W. Douglas). Ethnic population: 200 or fewer (1981 W. Douglas). Mt. Magnet to Geraldton, Western Australia. Alternate names: Watjari, Watjarri, Wadjari, Wadjeri. Dialects: Related to Badimaya. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wadjari Nearly extinct.

Wakawaka
[wkw] 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Nanango north to Mt. Perry, west to Boyne River, at Kingaroy, Murgon, and Gayndah, Queensland. Alternate names: Wakka, Waga, Wagawaga, Waga-Waga, Enibura, Nukunukubara. Dialects: Duungidjawu, Wagawaga. Related to Wuliwuli, Barunggam, Gayabara, Muringam, which may be extinct. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Waka-Kabic, Miyan Nearly extinct.

Walmajarri
[wmt] 1,000 (1990 Schmidt). Western Australia, along the Fitzroy River valley, Lake Gregory and La Grange. Alternate names: Walmatjari, Walmatjiri, Walmajiri, Wolmeri, Pililuna. Dialects: Djuwarliny (Juwaliny, Tjuwalinj). The western group speaks Juwaliny. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngumbin

Wambaya
[wmb] 12 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northern Territory, Barkly Tableland, headwaters of Limmen Bight and McArthur rivers, and east of Lake Woods. Alternate names: Wambaia, Wambaja, Wombya, Wom-By-A, Umbaia, Yumpia. Dialects: Wambaya, Binbinga (Binbinka), Gudandji. Black (1983) says the dialects are inherently intelligible. Classification: Australian, West Barkly Nearly extinct.

Wamin
[wmi] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, south central Cape York Peninsula, Einasleigh River, northwest of Einasleigh. Alternate names: Agwamin. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Southern Pama Nearly extinct.

Wangaaybuwan-Ngiyambaa
[wyb] 12 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). New South Wales, Darling River, Barwon River, Yanda Creek, Bogan River. Dialects: Wangaaybuwan (Wongaibon, Wombungee, Wongagibun, Wonghibon, Wonghi, Wonjhibon), Ngiyambaa (Giamba, Narran, Noongaburrah, Ngeumba, Ngiamba, Ngiumba, Ngjamba, Ngumbarr), Wayilwan (Waljwan). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Wiradhuric Nearly extinct.

Wanggamala
[wnm] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northern Territory, Hay River, south of Andegerebinha. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Palku Nearly extinct.

Wangganguru
[wgg] 8 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northern Territory, southeast corner. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Palku Nearly extinct.

Wanman
[wbt] 20 (1973 SIL). Western Australia, Marble Bar area, Nullagine Station, Strelley. Alternate names: Warnman, Nanidjara, Nyaani. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati Nearly extinct.

Waray
[wrz] 4 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Adelaide River area, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Warray, Warrai, Arwur, Awarai, Awarra. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Warayan Nearly extinct.

Wardaman
[wrr] 50 (1983 Black). Northern Territory, upper Daly River. Alternate names: Wadaman, Waderman, Waduman, Warda’man, Warduman, Wartaman, Wardman, Wordaman. Dialects: Close to Yangman and Dagoman, which are extinct. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Yangmanic Nearly extinct.

Warlmanpa
[wrl] 50 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northern Territory, Mount Leichhardt area. Alternate names: Walmala. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngarga Nearly extinct.

Warlpiri
[wbp] 3,000 (1990 Schmidt). Northern Territory, Yuendumu, Ali Curung Willowra, Alice Springs, Katherine, Darwin, and Lajamanu. Alternate names: Walbiri, Elpira, Ilpara, Wailbri, Walpiri, Walmama, Ngaliya, Ngardilpa. Dialects: Related to Warlmanpa. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngarga

Warluwara
[wrb] 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, Roxborough Downs. Alternate names: Maula, Mauula, Mawula, Walookera, Walugera, Waluwara, Wollegara, Yunnalinka, Kapula, Parnkarra. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Wagaya-Warluwaric, Warluwara-Thawa Nearly extinct.

Warrgamay
[wgy] 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, coast south of Hinchinbrook Island, and inland along Herbert River. Alternate names: Biyay. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Dyirbalic Nearly extinct.

Warrwa
[wwr] 2 (2001 McGregor). Western Australia, West Kimberley, Derby Region. Alternate names: Warwa, Warrawai. Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan Nearly extinct.

Warumungu
[wrm] 200 (1983 Black). Tennant Creek area, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Warramunga. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Warumungic

Warungu
[wrg] 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, northeast of Einasleigh. Alternate names: Warrungu, Gugu-Badhun, Gudjala. Dialects: Related to Ngaygungu and Yirandhali. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric Nearly extinct.

Wikalkan
[wik] 86 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Aurukun, Queensland. Alternate names: Wikngatara, Wik-Ngathara, Wik-Ngathrr, Wik-Ngatharra. Dialects: Wik-Ngandjara (Ngandjara), Ngadanja. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama

Wik-Epa
[wie] 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, southeast of Aurukun. Alternate names: Wik-Ep. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama Nearly extinct.

Wik-Iiyanh
[wij] 40 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, central Cape York Peninsula, southwest of Coen. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama Nearly extinct.

Wik-Keyangan
[wif] 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, southeast of Aurukun. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama Nearly extinct.

Wik-Me’anha
[wih] 12 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, southeast of Aurukun. Alternate names: Wik-Em’an. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama Nearly extinct.

Wik-Mungkan
[wim] 400 (1990 Schmidt). Edward River to Aurukun, Queensland. Alternate names: Wik-Munkan, Wik-Mungkhn, Munkan. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama

Wik-Ngathana
[wig] 126 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, west coast below Aurukun. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama

Wikngenchera
[wua] 50 (1970 Oates). Aurukun, Queensland. Alternate names: Ngandjara, Nantjara, Ngantjeri, Wik-Nantjara, Wik Njinturawik-Nganhcara. Dialects: Related to Wikngathara (Wikalkan). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama Nearly extinct.

Wilawila
[wil] 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Western Australia, central Kimberleys. Alternate names: Wila-Wila. Classification: Australian, Wororan Nearly extinct.

Wiradhuri
[wrh] 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). New South Wales, from Murray River to Macquarie River, along Lachlan River from junction with Murrumbidgee River to Parkes. Alternate names: Wiradhurri, Wiradjuri, Berrembeel, Warandgeri, Werogery, Wiiratheri, Wira-Athoree, Wiraduri, Wirajeree, Wirashuri, Wiratheri, Wirracharee, Wiraidyuri, Wirrai’yarrai, Wooragurie, Wordjerg. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Wiradhuric Nearly extinct.

Wirangu
[wiw] 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). South Australia, coast between head of Bight and Streaky Bay and inland to Ooldea Region. Alternate names: Nhawu, Njangga, Nyangga, Warrangoo, Wirongu, Wironguwongga, Wirrung, Wirrunga. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wirangu Nearly extinct.

Worora
[unp] 20 (1990 Schmidt). Derby area, Collier Bay, Western Australia. Alternate names: Worrorra. Dialects: Worora, Unggumi. Classification: Australian, Wororan Nearly extinct.

Wulna
[wux] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Arnhem Land around Darwin, mouth of Adelaide River and inland. Classification: Australian, Limilngan-Wulna Nearly extinct.

Wunambal
[wub] 20 (1990 A. Schmidt). Kalumburu, Wyndham and Mowanjum, Western Australia. Alternate names: Unambal, Wumnabal, Wunambullu, Yeidji, Yeithi, Jeidji, Jeithi. Dialects: Wunambal, Gambera, Miwa. Classification: Australian, Wororan Nearly extinct.

Yandruwandha
[ynd] 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). South Australia around Moomba, and east into Queensland. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Karna Nearly extinct.

Yankunytjatjara
[kdd] 200 to 300 (1985 Cliff Goddard). Yalata, Musgrave, and Everard Ranges, and the eastern part of Pitjantjatjara freehold lands and surrounding areas, South Australia. Alternate names: Yankunjtjatjarra, Yankuntatjara, Jangkundjara, Kulpantja. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati

Yanyuwa
[jao] 70 to 100 (1990 Schmidt). Ethnic population: 113 (2000 WCD). Borroloola, Northern Territory and Doomadgee, Queensland. Alternate names: Yanyula, Janjula, Anyula, Wadiri, Yanula, Aniula, Anula, Leeanuwa. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yanyuwan

Yawarawarga
[yww] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). South Australia and Queensland, north of Cooper Creek, southeast of Lake Yamma Yamma. Dialects: Related to Midhaga, Karuwardi, Marulta. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Karna Nearly extinct.

Yawuru
[ywr] 30 (2001 K. Hosokawa). Western Australia, coast south of Broome and inland. Alternate names: Jaudjibara, Jawdjibaia, Jawdjibara, Yaudjibara, Yaudijbaia, Yawjibara, Jawadjag, Winjawindjagu. Dialects: Northern Yawuru, Southern Coastal Yawuru, Eastern Inland Yawuru. Related to Nyikina, Warrwa, Ngumbarl, Nimanburru, Jabirrjabirr, Nyulnyul, Bardi, Jawi. Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan Nearly extinct.

Yidiny
[yii] 12 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, formerly Atherton Region. A few now at Palm Island Babinda, north to Gordonvale. Alternate names: Yidini, Idinji, Boolboora, Deba, Eneby, Gerrah, Gijow, Gillah, Guwamal, Idin Idindji, Idin-Wudjar, Indindji, Jidindji, Kitba, Maimbie, Mungera Ohalo, Pegullo-Bura, Warra-Warra, Warryboora, Woggil, Yetinji, Yiddinji, Yidin, Yidindji, Yitintyi, Yukkaburra. Dialects: Gunggay, Yidiny, Madyay. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yidinic Nearly extinct.

Yindjibarndi
[yij] 500 to 600 (1990 Schmidt). Roebourne, Western Australia, surrounding towns and stations. Alternate names: Jindjibandi, Yinjtjipartnti. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Coastal Ngayarda

Yindjilandji
[yil] 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northern Territory, northeast of Wonarah. Alternate names: Injdjiladji, Bularnu, Dhidhanu. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Wagaya-Warluwaric, Warluwara-Thawa Nearly extinct.

Yinggarda
[yia] 5 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Western Australia, coast at Shark Bay between Gascoyne and Wooramel rivers, inland to Red Hill, West Pilbara. Alternate names: Inggarda, Ingara, Ingarda, Ingarra, Ingarrah, Inparra, Jinggarda, Yingkarta, Kakarakala. Dialects: Related to Malgana which is extinct, Nhanda which is nearly extinct (handful of speakers, Blevins 1995), and Bulinya which may be extinct. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yinggarda Nearly extinct.

Yir Yoront
[yiy] 15 (1991 Bruce Sommer). Queensland, west central Cape York Peninsula, just southeast of Edward River. Alternate names: Yir Yiront, Jir Joront, Gwandera, Kokomindjen, Mandjoen, Millera, Mind’jana, Mundjun, Myunduno. Dialects: Dangedl (Dhanu’un, Djudjan, Dudjym), Gorminang, Jir’jorond (Jirmel Mel-Jir, Ngamba’wandh, Yirmel, Yirtangettle, Yir Thangedl, Yirtutiym). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Yir Yoront Nearly extinct.

:: Extinct Languages ::

Aghu Tharnggalu
[ggr] Extinct. Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Laura. Alternate names: Kuku-Mini, Ikarranggali. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Rarmul Pama

Awabakal
[awk] Extinct. Lake Macquarie, south from Newcastle, New South Wales. Alternate names: Awabagal. Dialects: Awabagal, Cameeragal, Wonarua. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Worimi

Banggarla
[bjb] Extinct. South Australia, Port Lincoln to the head of Spencer Gulf. Alternate names: Bangala, Banggala, Bahanga-La, Barngarla, Bungeha, Bungela, Pangkala, Pakarla, Pankalla, Parnkala, Parnkalla, Punkalla, Kortabina. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yura

Bayali
[bjy] Extinct. Queensland, from the mouth of the Fitzroy River inland to Boomer Range at Marlborough, Yeppon, Yamba, and Rockhampton. Alternate names: Biyali, Darambal, Orambul, Charumbul, Darawal, Darumbal, Kooinmarburra, Kuinmurbara, Ningebal, Tarumbal, Tharumbal, Urambal, Warabal, Yetimarala. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Waka-Kabic, Kingkel

Biri
[bzr] Extinct. Queensland southeast of Charters Towers. Alternate names: Wirri. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Dagoman
[dgn] Extinct. Northern Territory. Dialects: Was very close to Wardaman. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Yangmanic

Dhurga
[dhu] Extinct. New South Wales, Bermagui to Jervis Bay. Alternate names: Dhu’rga, Durga, Thoorga, Tharumba. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuin

Dieri
[dif] Extinct. South Australia, Leigh Creek. Alternate names: Diyari. Dialects: Related to Garuwali, Marrula, Midhaga, Yarluyandi, all of which may be extinct. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Karna

Gangulu
[gnl] Extinct. Queensland around Isaac River, west of Marlborough. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Gugu Warra
[wrw] Extinct. Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, west bank of Normanby River. Alternate names: Guguwarra, Kuku-Wara. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Mbariman

Gureng Gureng
[gnr] Extinct. Queensland, southeast, around Abercorn, north Burnett River District. Alternate names: Gurreng Gurreng, Gureng-Gureng. Dialects: The Gurreng Gurreng dialect is a ‘heavier’ one that uses the trilled ‘r’. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Waka-Kabic, Than

Guyani
[gvy] Extinct. South Australia, south Yorke Peninsula. Alternate names: Kuyani, Kijani, Kwiani. Dialects: Close to Narungga. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yura

Kalarko
[kba] Extinct. Fraser and Bremer ranges area, Western Australia. Alternate names: Malpa, Malba, Galaagu, Kalako, Kalakul, Kalaaku. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Mirning

Kalkutung
[ktg] Extinct. Mt. Isa area, Queensland. Alternate names: Galgaduun, Galgadungu, Kalkatungu, Kalkadoon. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Galgadungic

Kariyarra
[vka] Extinct. Western Australia, south of Port Hedland. Alternate names: Kariera, Karriara, Kariyara, Gariera. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Coastal Ngayarda

Kungarakany
[ggk] Extinct. Northern Territory, Finniss River. South of Darwin around Darwin River and Rum Jungle. Alternate names: Gungaragan, Gunerakan, Kangarraga, Kungarakan, Gungarakanj. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Gungaraganyan

Leningitij
[lnj] Extinct. Winduwinda area, Queensland. Alternate names: Linngithig, Linngithigh. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northern Pama

Malgana
[vml] Extinct. Western Australia, Shark Bay, south of Wooramel River to near Hamelin Pool. Alternate names: Maljanna, Maldjana, Malkana. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Malgana

Manangkari
[znk] Extinct. Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Territory. Dialects: Close to Iwaidja. Classification: Australian, Yiwaidjan, Yiwaidjic

Mangala
[mem] Extinct. Broome, Jurgurra Creek, Edgar Range, southwest Fitzroy, West Pilbara, Western Australia. Alternate names: Mangalaa, Mangarla, Manala, Minala, Djawali, Djuwali, Jiwali, Jiwarli, Koalgurdi, Yalmbau. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Mangala

Maykulan
[mnt] Extinct. Canobie, Queensland. Alternate names: Mayi-Kulan, Wunamara, Mayi-Thakurti, Mayi-Yapi. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Mayabic

Mbara
[mvl] Extinct. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Mbara

Narrinyeri
[nay] Extinct. South Australia. Alternate names: Ngarinyeri, Ngarrindjeri, Yaralde. Dialects: Related to Ngayawung and Yuyu (Ngarrket). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Ngarinyeric-Yithayithic

Narungga
[nnr] Extinct. South Australia, south Yorke Peninsula. Alternate names: Narangga, Nanunga, Naranga, Narranga, Narranggu, Narrangu. Dialects: Adjabdurah (Adjahdurah), Turra. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yura

Ngandi
[nid] Extinct. Upper Wilton River, Northern Territory. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Enindhilyagwa

Nganyaywana
[nyx] Extinct. New South Wales, northeastern, between Inverell, Ashford, and Glen Innes. Alternate names: Nganjaywana, Aniwan. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Dyangadi

Nugunu
[nnv] Extinct. South Australia, south of Gugada people to coast west to Fowler’s Bay and east to Streaky Bay, eastern Spencer Gulf. Alternate names: Nukuna, Doora, Njuguna, Nokunna, Noocoona, Nookoona, Nuguna, Nukana, Nukunnu, Nukunu, Pukunna, Tjura, Tyura, Wallaroo, Warra, Wongaidya. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yura

Nyunga
[nys] Extinct. Southwest Australia. Alternate names: Nyungar, Neo-Nyunga. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Nyungar

Pirlatapa
[bxi] Extinct. South Australia, around Lake Blanche and Lake Callabonn. Alternate names: Biladaba. Dialects: It was close to Diyari. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Karna

Thurawal
[tbh] Extinct. Port Hacking to Shoalhaven River, New South Wales. Alternate names: Dharawal, Dharawaal, Turrubul. Dialects: Wadiwadi (Wodiwodi). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuin

Tjurruru
[tju] Extinct. Western Australia, northwest, Hardey River, southwest of Tom Price. Alternate names: Tjururu. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Inland Ngayarda

Wandarang
[wnd] Extinct. Arnhem Land, Roper River area, Northern Territory. Alternate names: Wandaran, Warndarang, Wuyarrawala. Dialects: Related to Mara. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Maran, Mara

Wariyangga
[wri] Extinct. Western Australia, southeast of Mount Augustus, West Pilbara. Alternate names: Warriyangka. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Inland Ngayarda

Worimi
[kda] Extinct. Between Hunter and Hastings rivers, from Port Macquarie to Hawkesbury River, New South Wales. Alternate names: Kattang, Gadhang, Gadang, Warimi, Gadjang, Birbay. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Worimi

Wuliwuli
[wlu] Extinct. Queensland, southwestern, Dawson River, Baralaba, Banana, Theodore. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Waka-Kabic, Miyan

Wurrugu
[wur] Extinct. Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Territory. Dialects: Close to Iwaidja. Classification: Australian, Yiwaidjan, Yiwaidjic

Yalarnnga
[ylr] Extinct. Queensland around Burke River and Dajarra. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Galgadungic

Yangman
[jng] Extinct. Ethnic population: 50 (1983 Black). Elsey Creek, Northern Territory, and Katherine. Alternate names: Jungman, Dagoman. Dialects: Very close to Wardaman. Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Yangmanic

Yugambal
[yub] Extinct. Queensland, Logan and Albert river basins from Jimboomba to MacPherson Range. Alternate names: Yugumbal, Yugabeh, Yugambeh, Jugumbir, Jukamba, Manaldjali, Minjanbal, Ngarrubul, Ngarrbal. Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yugambal

:: Reference ::

Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/