Brazil

Located in Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean, Brazil is the largest country in South America and the fourth-largest in the world.

Brazil is bounded on the North by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana, on the North East, Eeast, and South Eeast by the Atlantic Ocean, on the South by Uruguay, on the South West by Argentina and Paraguay, on the West by Bolivia and Peru, and on the North West by Colombia. Brazil is a multicultural and multiethnic society, with people often having a mixed heritage of European, American, Asian, and African cultures. You can discover a melting-pot of geographic and cultural diversity. Brazil is a global leader in many industries, such as energy, agricultural, technology, and industrial sectors.

:: Background of Brazil ::

Following three centuries under the rule of Portugal, Brazil became an independent nation in 1822 and a republic in 1889. By far the largest and most populous country in South America, Brazil overcame more than half a century of military intervention in the governance of the country when in 1985 the military regime peacefully ceded power to civilian rulers. Brazil continues to pursue industrial and agricultural growth and development of its interior. Exploiting vast natural resources and a large labor pool, it is today South America’s leading economic power and a regional leader. Highly unequal income distribution and crime remain pressing problems.

:: Geography of Brazil ::

Location: Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean
Geographic coordinates: 10 00 S, 55 00 W

Area:
total: 8,511,965 sq km
land: 8,456,510 sq km
water: 55,455 sq km
note: includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo

Area – comparative: slightly smaller than the US

Land boundaries: total: 16,885 km
border countries: Argentina 1,261 km, Bolivia 3,423 km, Colombia 1,644 km, French Guiana 730 km, Guyana 1,606 km, Paraguay 1,365 km, Peru 2,995 km, Suriname 593 km, Uruguay 1,068 km, Venezuela 2,200 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin

Climate: mostly tropical, but temperate in south
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal belt

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico da Neblina 3,014 m

Natural resources: bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber

Land use:
arable land: 6.93%
permanent crops: 0.89%
other: 92.18% (2005)

Natural hazards: recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in south

Environment – current issues: deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and endangers a multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to the area; there is a lucrative illegal wildlife trade; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large cities; land degradation and water pollution caused by improper mining activities; wetland degradation; severe oil spills.

Environment – international agreements: party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling. Signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements.

:: People of Brazil ::

Population: 196,342,592
note: Brazil conducted a census in August 2000, which reported a population of 169,799,170; that figure was about 3.3% lower than projections by the US Census Bureau, and is close to the implied under enumeration of 4.6% for the 1991 census; estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2008 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 27% (male 26,986,909/female 25,961,947)
15-64 years: 66.8% (male 64,939,225/female 66,157,812)
65 years and over: 6.3% (male 5,182,987/female 7,113,707) (2008 est.)

Median age:
total: 28.3 years
male: 27.5 years
female: 29 years (2008 est.)

Population growth rate: 1.228% (2008 est.)
Birth rate: 18.72 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Death rate: 6.35 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 23.33 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 26.95 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 19.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 71.71 years
male: 68.15 years
female: 75.45 years (2008 est.)

Total fertility rate: 2.22 children born/woman (2008 est.)
HIV/AIDS – adult prévalence rate : 0.7% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS – people living with HIV/AIDS: 660,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS – deaths: 15,000 (2003 est.)
Nationality: noun: Brazilian(s) adjective: Brazilian

Ethnic groups: white 53.7%, mulatto (mixed white and black) 38.5%, black 6.2%, other (includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 0.9%, unspecified 0.7% (2000 census)

Religions: Roman Catholic (nominal) 73.6%, Protestant 15.4%, Spiritualist 1.3%, Bantu/voodoo 0.3%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.2%, none 7.4% (2000 census)

Languages: Portuguese (official and most widely spoken language); note – less common languages include Spanish (border areas and schools), German, Italian, Japanese, English, and a large number of minor Amerindian languages.

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 88.6%
male: 88.4%
female: 88.8% (2004 est.)

Geography of Brazil: Important Geographical Information about Brazil

Brazil is an amazing country with beautiful landscapes, idyllic beaches, clear waters and lush rainforests. It has the highest number of species of primates, amphibians and plants in the world. Brazil is a great destination for a great variety of people as it offers so much. The landscape in Brazil varies dramatically from region to region. There are five large geographic and statistical units called the Major Regions (Grandes Regiões): North (Norte), Northeast (Nordeste), Central-West (Centro-Oeste), Southeast (Sudeste), and South (Sul).

The Atlantic Coast is a long and narrow region that extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the coastal mountains and central plateau on the west. This coastal region contains many islands, bays, and sudden peaks, such as the Sugar Loaf in Rio de Janeiro. The mountain ranges along the Atlantic coast reach up to a height of roughly 2,900 m. Pico da Neblina or the Misty Peak in Guiana’s highlands is the highest peak with 3,014m.

Lowlands make up nearly half of Brazil. The largest lowland is the Amazon Basin, occupying more than sixty percent of the entire country. It is bounded by the Guyana highlands in the north and the Brazilian highlands in the south. The Pantanal, in western Brazil south of the Mato Grosso Plateau, is a huge gently-sloped basin that receives runoff from the upland areas (the Planalto highlands. It lies within the headwaters area of the Paraguay River and is bounded by the Chiquitano dry forests to the west and northwest, by the Arid Chaco dry forests to the southwest, and the Humid Chaco to the south. Much of the Pantanal is swamp and marshland.

Two highland regions make up the rest of the country. The largest is the Planalto Brasileiro, the Brazilian Highlands, an enormous plateau, upland, and mountainous area which covers most of the eastern, southern and central portions of Brazil. The highest and most rugged part is the Serra da Mantiqueira, that rise abruptly from the northwestern bank of the Paraíba do Sul River and extend northeastward for approximately 320 km. Several peaks rise more than 2,770 m: 2,798 m (9,180 ft) Pedra da Mina.

Brazil has one of the world’s most extensive river systems, with eight major drainage basins. The largest river system in Brazil is the Amazon. The other major rivers in Brazil are The Tocantins, The Rio de la Plata and the Sao Francisco. Iguazu Falls, the biggest waterfall system in the world, are located on the border of the Brazilian state of Paraná and the Argentine province of Misiones.

Professional Translation Organizations & Associations in Brazil

Below is a list of the major translation organizations and associations of Brazil.

:: List of Organizations ::

Associação Alumni, Translation and Interpretation Department

Associação Brasileira de Tradutores

Associação Profissional de Intépretes de Conferência (Brazil)

Centro Universitario Iberoamericano

Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Setor de Tradução

Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo -PUC

Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeir, Departamento de Letras

Sindicato Nacional dos Tradutores

Universidade de São Paulo. Centro Interdepartamental de Tradução e Terminologia

Universidade Estadual de Campinas – Departamento de Lingüística Aplicada. Programa de Pós-Graduação

Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciêncieas exatas

Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Departamento de Letras Estrangeiras Modernas

Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Letras

Universidade Mackenzie, Faculdade de Letras, Educação e Psicologia

Information about the Brazilian Flag: Colors and Meaning of the Flag of Brazil

The flag of Brazil consists of an overall green background on which a large yellow rhombus, diamond is centered. It encloses a night-blue, star-studded Southern Hemisphere sky. The sky depicts 27 white, five-pointed stars (one for each state and the Federal District). The motto Ordem e Progresso (“Order and Progress”) is inscribed in capital letters inside the band.

:: Meaning of the Brazilian Flag ::

The stars are arranged in the pattern of the night sky over Rio de Janeiro on November 15, 1889 (this is the date when the last Emperor of Brazil, Dom Pedro II, was deposed, and the republic was proclaimed). The stars of the Brazilian Flag includes the constellations of Southern Cross (also called Crux), Scorpius, Canis Major, Hydra, Polaris Australis etc. The colors on the Brazilian flag represent the following: yellow – the Brazilian gold reserves, Brazil’s mineral wealth and green symbolizes the Amazon Rainforest, the Atlantic Jungle.

:: Meaning of the Brazilian Coat of Arms ::

The Coat of arms of Brazil was created in November 19, 1889, four days after Brazil was proclaimes as republic and consists of the central emblem surrounded by coffee (left) and tobacco (right) branches, which were important crops in Brazil at that time. The blue circle in the center encloses the Southern Cross (Crux). The ring of 27 stars around it represents Brazil’s 26 states and 1 federal district. The blue ribbon contains the official name of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil — Federative Republic of Brazil) in its first line. In the second line, the date of the federative republic’s establishment (November 15, 1889) is written.

Extensive List of Languages of Brazil: Spoken and Extinct Languages

:: List of Living Languages ::

Agavotaguerra
[avo] 100 (1986 SIL). Mato Grosso, Xingú Park, between the Curisevo and Culuene rivers, near the Kuikúro. Alternate names: Agavotokueng, Agavotoqueng. Dialects: Related to Waurá and Yawalapiti. Classification: Unclassified

Amahuaca
[amc] 220 in Brazil (1995). Amazonas. Alternate names: Amawáka, Amawaca, Amenguaca, Sayacu. Dialects: Inuvaken, Viwivakeu. Classification: Panoan, South-Central, Amahuaca

Amanayé
[ama] Ethnic population: 60 (2000 C. Jensen). Pará, On the Capim River in São Domingos do Capim Minicipality. Alternate names: Amanajé, Manaze, Amanage, Manaxo, Manajo, Manazo, Amanyé. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup VIII Nearly extinct.

Amapá Creole
[amd] 25,000 (1995 SIL). Throughout State of Amapá, concentrated around the capital, Macapá. Alternate names: Lanc-Patúa. Classification: Creole, French based

Amikoana
[akn] A few speakers. Northern Amapá. Alternate names: Amikuân. Classification: Unclassified

Amundava
[adw] 50 (2000 SIL). Rondônia, Acre, near the Jiparaná River. Alternate names: Amundawa, Amondawa. Dialects: Close to Tenharim. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup VI

Anambé
[aan] 7 (1991 SIL). Ethnic population: 77 (1993 SIL). Pará, Cairari River, tributary of the Moju River. Dialects: Close to Asuriní. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup VIII Nearly extinct.

Apalaí
[apy] 450 (1993 SIL). 100 monolinguals. Pará, mainly on the Paru Leste River with fringe groups on the Jari and Citare rivers. 20 villages. Alternate names: Aparai, Apalay. Classification: Carib, Northern, East-West Guiana, Wayana-Trio

Apiacá
[api] 2 (1986 Rodrigues). Ethnic population: 90 (2000 C. Jensen). Northern Mato Grosso, upper Rio Tapajos, near confluence of São Manoel, near the border between Pará and Mato Grosso. Alternate names: Apiake, Apiaká. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup VI Nearly extinct.

Apinayé
[apn] 800 (1994 SIL). Tocantins, near Tocantinópolis, 6 villages. Alternate names: Apinajé, Apinagé. Classification: Macro-Ge, Ge-Kaingang, Ge, Northwest, Apinaye

Apurinã
[apu] 2,000 (1994 SIL). Amazonas, Acre; scattered over a thousand miles of the Purus River from Rio Branco to Manaus. Alternate names: Ipurinãn, Kangite, Popengare. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Purus

Arapaso
[arj] 268 (1992 ALEM). São Gabriel, Iauarete, Amazonas. Alternate names: Arapaço, Araspaso, Koneá. Dialects: Reported to be a dialect of Tucano. Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Northern

Arára, Pará
[aap] 110 (1994 SIL). Pará in 2 villages. Alternate names: Ajujure. Dialects: The closest extant languages are Ikpeng and Bakairí. Classification: Carib, Northern, Northern Brazil

Araweté
[awt] 184 (1994 ALEM). Amazonas, at least one sizeable village, near Xingú River, near Altamira. Alternate names: Bïde. Dialects: Close to Asuriní, Parakanã, Tapirapé. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup V

Arikapú
[ark] 6 (1998 SIL). Rondônia, headwaters of the Rio Branco, tributary of the right bank of the Guaporé. Alternate names: Maxubí, Aricapú. Dialects: Similar to Jabuti. Classification: Macro-Ge, Yabuti Nearly extinct.

Aruá
[arx] 12 (1990). Ethnic population: 40 (2000 C. Jensen). Rio Branco post, Branco and Guaporé rivers, Rondônia. Dialects: Aruáshi (Aruachi). Classification: Tupi, Monde Nearly extinct.

Arutani
[atx] 17 in Brazil (1986 SIL). Population total all countries: 19. Roraima. Also spoken in Venezuela. Alternate names: Auaqué, Auake, Awake, Aoaqui, Oewaku, Uruak, Urutani, Orotani. Classification: Arutani-Sape Nearly extinct.

Ashéninka, Ucayali-Yurúa
[cpb] 212 to 235 in Brazil (1983 SIL). Acre. Alternate names: Ucayali Ashéninca. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Pre-Andine

Asuriní
[asu] 191 (1995 AMTB). Trocará near Tucurui, on the Tocantins River, Pará. Alternate names: Assuriní, Assuriní do Tocantins, Asuriní do Trocará, Akwaya. Dialects: In Akwáwa cluster. Close to Parakanã. Similar to Suruí do Pará. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup IV

Asuriní, Xingú
[asn] 63 (1994 ALEM). At least one sizeable village, on Rio Piçava off Xingú River near Altamira, Pará. Alternate names: Awaté, Awaeté, Asuriní de Koatinema, Asurini do Xingu. Dialects: Different from Asuriní of the Tocantins (Akwaya), and Arawete. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup V

Atorada
[aox] Few speakers in Brazil (2000). Roraima. Alternate names: Atorad, Ator’ti, Dauri, Atorai. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Wapishanan

Atruahí
[atr] 350 (1995 SIL). On the Alalau and Camanau rivers on the border between the state of Amazonas and the territory of Roraima, and on the Jatapu and Jauaperi rivers. 24 villages. Alternate names: Atroaí, Atroarí, Atrowari, Atroahy, Ki’nya. Dialects: Atruahi, Waimirí (Uaimirí, Wahmirí), Jawaperi (Yauaperi). Related to Sapara, Pauxiana, Piriutite, and Tiquiriá. Classification: Carib, Northern, East-West Guiana, Waimiri

Aurá
[aux] 2 (2004 SIL). Live with the Guajá in Maranhão. Originally lived in Pará. Alternate names: Auré. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani Nearly extinct.

Avá-Canoeiro
[avv] 56 (1995 SIL). Goiás, Island of Bananal, and the upper Tocantins River valley. Alternate names: Canoeiros, Canoe, Canoa, Avá, Abá, Awana. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup IV

Awetí
[awe] 90 (2000 SIL). Xingú Park, Mato Grosso, Rio Culiseu (upper Xingú River). Alternate names: Awetö, Aueto, Aueti, Auiti, Arauite, Arauine. Classification: Tupi, Aweti

Bakairí
[bkq] 570 (1994 SIL). Mato Grosso in 9 or 10 villages. Alternate names: Bacairí, Kurâ. Classification: Carib, Southern, Xingu Basin

Banawá
[bnh] 100 (2002 SIL). Amazonas, upriver quite a distance from the Jamamadí. Half live on the Banawá River, others on small creeks and in scattered locations; 1 village and 2 extended family settlements. Alternate names: Kitiya, Banavá, Banauá, Jafí. Dialects: Not as close to Jamamadí linguistically as previously thought. Classification: Arauan

Baniwa
[bwi] 5,460 in Brazil (1983 SIL). Population includes 4,057 Baniwa, 1,000 Hohodené, 403 Seuci. Population total all countries: 5,893. Middle Içana River, Amazonas. They go to Colombia or Venezuela mainly to work or trade. Also spoken in Venezuela. Alternate names: Baniua do Içana, Maniba, Baniva, Baniba, Issana, Dakenei. Dialects: Hohodené (Hohodena, Kadaupuritana), Siusy-Tapuya (Seuci, Siuci, Siusi). Related to Carutana and Curripaco. Several groups on the middle Içana and Ayarí rivers who speak Baniwa: Hohodené, Kadaupuritana, Sucuriyu-Tapuya, Siusy-Tapuya, Irá-Tapuya, Kawá-Tapuya, Waliperedakenai (Ribeiro 1967). Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Inland

Borôro
[bor] 850 (1994 SIL). Central Mato Grosso, 8 villages. Alternate names: Boe. Classification: Macro-Ge, Bororo, Bororo Proper

Brazilian Sign Language
[bzs] São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina, and elsewhere. Alternate names: Lsb, São Paulo Sign Language. Dialects: The dialects appear to be inherently intelligible, although northern dialects above the Amazon show greater differences. Some relationship to North American and European sign languages. Classification: Deaf sign language

Cafundo Creole
[ccd] 40 (1978 M. Gnerre, U. Estadual de Campinas). Cafundo, 150 miles from São Paulo. Classification: Creole, Portuguese based Nearly extinct.

Caló
[rmr] 10,000 in Latin America. Alternate names: Calo, Gitano, Iberian Romani. Dialects: Brazilian Calão. Classification: Mixed Language, Iberian-Romani

Canela
[ram] 1,420 (1995 SIL). Population includes 950 Ramkokamekra, 470 Apanjekra (1995 SIL). Maranhão, southeastern Pará. Alternate names: Kanela. Dialects: Apanjekra (Apanhecra, Apaniekra), Ramkokamekra. Classification: Macro-Ge, Ge-Kaingang, Ge, Northwest, Timbira

Carib
[car] 100 in Brazil (1995 SIL). State of Amapá. Alternate names: Caribe, Cariña, Kalihna, Kalinya, Galibí, Maraworno, Marworno. Dialects: Tyrewuju (Eastern Carib). Classification: Carib, Northern, Galibi

Carútana
[cru] 300 (2000). Northwest Amazonas, near Curripaco. Alternate names: Karutana, Arara do Amazonas. Dialects: Adaru, Arara, Dzaui (Dzawi), Jauarete (Yawarete Tapuya), Jurupari (Yurupari Tapuya), Mapache, Uadzoli (Wadzoli), Urubu. Close to Curripaco and Baniwa. Arara may be distinct. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Inland

Cashinahua
[cbs] 400 in Brazil (2003). Acre. Alternate names: Cashinahuá, Kaxinawá, Kaxinauá, Kaxynawa, Caxinawá. Classification: Panoan, Southeastern

Chiripá
[nhd] 4,900 in Brazil (1995 AMTB). Mato Grosso do Sul State, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo. Alternate names: Nhandeva, Ñandeva, Tsiripá, Txiripá, Apytare, Guaraní. Dialects: Apapocuva. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup I

Cinta Larga
[cin] 1,000 (1995 SIL). Western Mato Grosso. Classification: Tupi, Monde

Cocama-Cocamilla
[cod] 50 in Brazil (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 411 in Brazil (2000 D. Moore). Amazonas. Alternate names: Cocama, Kokama. Dialects: Cocama, Cocamilla (Kokamilla). Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup III

Cubeo
[cub] 150 in Brazil (1986 SIL). Northwest Amazonas, near São Gabriel. Alternate names: Pamié, Cuveo, Cubeu, Kobeua, Kobewa, Kubwa, Kobéwa, Hehenawa, Pamiwa. Classification: Tucanoan, Central Tucanoan

Culina
[cul] 903 in Brazil (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 1,303. Amazonas, Acre. Also spoken in Peru. Alternate names: Kulína, Kulyna, Corina, Madija, Madihá. Dialects: Minor changes from Peruvian dialect. Classification: Arauan

Curripaco
[kpc] 810 in Brazil (1995 AMTB). Northwest Amazonas. Alternate names: Curipaco, Kuripako, Koripako, Korispaso. Dialects: Korripako (Karupaka), Unhun (Cadauapuritana, Enhen). Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Inland

Dâw
[kwa] 83 (1994 ALEM). Amazonas, across the river from São Gabriel de Cochoeira, a county seat just below the confluence of the Vaupés and Negro rivers. Alternate names: “Kamã”, Kamã Makú. Classification: Maku

Dení
[dny] 750 (2002 SIL). Amazonas. Alternate names: Dani. Dialects: Inauini. Classification: Arauan

Desano
[des] 960 in Brazil (1995 SIL). Population total all countries: 1,760. Northwestern Amazonas. Also spoken in Colombia. Alternate names: Desâna, Dessano, Wina, Uina, Wirã, Boleka, Oregu, Kusibi. Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Central, Desano

Enawene-Nawe
[unk] 165 (1995). Mato Grosso within northeast Nambiquara reserve. Alternate names: Eneuene-Mare, Salumã. Dialects: Related to Parecís. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Central Maipuran

Fulniô
[fun] 2,788 (1995 SIL). Pernambuco. Alternate names: Furniô, Fornió, Carnijó, Iatê, Yatê. Dialects: Fulniô, Yatê. Lexical similarity 98% between Fulniô and Yatê dialects. Classification: Macro-Ge, Fulnio

Gavião do Jiparaná
[gvo] 472 (2002 SIL). Rondônia (Gavião). Alternate names: Gavião do Rondônia, Digüt, Ikõro. Dialects: Gavião, Zoró (Panginey, Cabeça Seca). Partially intelligible with Suruí. Rodrigues lists Zoró and Cinta Larga as separate languages from Gavião (1986). Classification: Tupi, Monde

Gavião, Pará
[gvp] 180 (1995 SIL). State of Pará, in a new village called ‘Kaikoturé’, near Marabá. Some live scattered in or near their original locations in Maranhão and Pará. Alternate names: Parakatêjê, Pukobjê. Dialects: Related to Krikati-Timbira, Canela, Krahô. Classification: Macro-Ge, Ge-Kaingang, Ge, Northwest, Timbira

Guajá
[gvj] 370 (1995 AMTB). Maranhão, babassu palm area near Gurupi and Upper Pindaré rivers, some in Serra Canastra, Tocantins, and Guamá Post in Pará. At least 6 isolated groups. Alternate names: Awá, Awá Guajá, Ayaya, Wazaizara, Guaxare. Dialects: Related to Guajajára. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup VIII

Guajajára
[gub] 15,000 (2000 SIL). Maranhco, Pindaré, Grajaú, Mearim, and Zutiua rivers, 81 villages. Alternate names: Guazazzara, Tenetehar, Tenetehára. Dialects: Pindare, Zutiua, Mearim, Tembe of Gurupi. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup IV

Guanano
[gvc] 550 in Brazil (1995 AMTB). Population total all countries: 1,000. Northwest Amazonas. Also spoken in Colombia. Alternate names: Wanâna, Wanano, Uanana, Anana, Kótedia, Kótirya. Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Northern

Guaraní, Mbyá
[gun] 5,000 in Brazil (2000 Dooley). Population total all countries: 16,050. Southwestern Paraná, southeastern São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, Espíritu Santo, Minas Gerais. 35 villages in 7 states. Also spoken in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay. Alternate names: Mbyá, Mbua, Mbiá, Bugre. Dialects: Tambéopé, Baticola. Lexical similarity 75% with Paraguayan Guaraní. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup I

Guarequena
[gae] 338 in Brazil (1983 NTM). Amazonas, Rio Chié (Xié) and Içana near Venezuelan border. Alternate names: Urequema, Warekéna, Werekena, Uerequema, Werikena, Arequena. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Inland

Guató
[gta] 40 (1993 SIL). Ethnic population: 382 (1993 SIL). Mato Grosso do Sul and Bolivian border, banks of the Paraguai and going up the São Lourenço rivers. Classification: Macro-Ge, Guato Nearly extinct.

Himarimã
[hir] 40. Amazonas, Tapayá Valley, near the Jamamadi and Jarawara. Classification: Unclassified Nearly extinct.

Hixkaryána
[hix] 600 (2000 SIL). Population includes 89 Xereuyana (1986 SIL). Ethnic population: 600 (2000). Amazonas, upper Nhamunda River to Mapuera and Jatapú rivers. Alternate names: Hixkariana, Hishkaryana, Parukoto-Charuma, Parucutu, Chawiyana, Kumiyana, Sokaka, Wabui, Faruaru, Sherewyana, Xerewyana, Xereu, Hichkaryana. Dialects: Close to Waiwai. No dialectal variation. The Sherewyana speak the same language but some live with the Waiwai. Classification: Carib, Southern, Southern Guiana

Hupdë
[jup] 1,208 in Brazil (1995 SIL). Population total all countries: 1,358. Rio Auari, northwestern Amazonas. Also spoken in Colombia. Alternate names: “Hupdá Makú”, “Jupdá Macú”, “Makú-Hupdá”, “Macú de Tucano”, Ubdé. Dialects: Hupdë, Tuhup, Nëhup. Ruhlen and others classify it as Puinave, Macro-Tucanoan. Intelligibility among Yahup, Tuhup, and Nëhup needs investigation. Tuhup and Nëhup may be extinct. Classification: Maku

Iapama
[iap] Border region of Pará and Amapá. Classification: Unclassified

Ikpeng
[txi] 146 (1995). Xingú Park, Mato Grosso. Alternate names: Txikão, Txikân, Chicao, Tunuli, Tonore. Dialects: Similar to Arara of Pará. Classification: Carib, Northern, Northern Brazil

Ingarikó
[ake] 500 in Brazil. Roraima and Rio Branco. Alternate names: Acewaio, Akawai, Akawaio, Acahuayo. Classification: Carib, Northern, East-West Guiana, Macushi-Kapon, Kapon

Ipeka-Tapuia
[paj] 135 (1976 RC). Içana, Amazonas. Alternate names: Pato-Tapuya, Pato Tapuia, Cumata, Ipeca, Pacu, Paku-Tapuya, Payuliene, Payualiene, Palioariene. Dialects: Waliperi (Veliperi). Voegelin and Voegelin (1977) treat it as a dialect of Siuci (see Baniwa). Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Inland

Irántxe
[irn] 191 (1995 AMTB). Mato Grosso, headwaters of the Rio Cravari, tributary of the Rio Sangue, which is a tributary of the Rio Juruena. Alternate names: Iranxe, Iranche, Münkü. Dialects: Münkü (Mynky, Menku, Kenkü, Myy), Irántxe. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Unclassified

Jabutí
[jbt] 5 (1990). Rio Branco Post, Rondônia. Alternate names: Yabutí, Jabotí, Djeoromitxi. Classification: Macro-Ge, Yabuti Nearly extinct.

Jamamadí
[jaa] 195 (1994 SIL). Population includes 12 Mamoria. Amazonas, scattered over 200,000 square miles. Alternate names: Yamamadí, Kanamanti, Canamanti. Dialects: Bom Futuro, Jurua, Pauini, Mamoria (Mamori), Cuchudua (Maima), Tukurina. Other groups are called ‘Jamamadí’ which are closer to Culina or Dení. Tukurina may be a separate language. Dialects or related languages: Araua, Pama, Sewacu, Sipo, Yuberi. Classification: Arauan

Jaruára
[jap] 155 (2000 SIL). Amazonas, Lábrea Minicipality, near the Jamamadí, 7 villages. Alternate names: Jarawara, Yarawara. Dialects: Formerly considered a dialect of Jamamadí. Classification: Arauan

Júma
[jua] 4 (1998). There were 300 in 1940. Amazonas, Rio Açuã, tributary of the Mucuim. Alternate names: Yumá, Katauixi, Arara, Kagwahiva, Kagwahibm, Kagwahiv, Kawahip, Kavahiva, Kawaib, Kagwahiph. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup VI Nearly extinct.

Jurúna
[jur] 181 (1998 SIL). Xingú Park, northern Mato Grosso, near mouth of the Maritsauá-Mitau River, 2 villages. Alternate names: Yurúna, Iuruna, Jaruna, Yudya. Classification: Tupi, Yuruna

Kabixi
[xbx] 100 (1986 SIL). Slopes of Planalto dos Parecís, right bank of upper Guaporé, near Vila Bela, Mato Grosso. Alternate names: Cabichí, Cabishi. Dialects: Related to Cujuna, Cumana, Mataua, Wanham, Urunumacan. Classification: Chapacura-Wanham, Guapore

Kadiwéu
[kbc] 1,200 (1995 SIL). Mato Grosso do Sul, around Serra da Bodoquena. 3 villages. Alternate names: Mbaya-Guaikuru, Caduvéo, Ediu-Adig. Classification: Mataco-Guaicuru, Guaicuruan

Kaingáng
kgp] 18,000 (1989 SIL). São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul; 21 locations. Central Kaingang is in São Paulo and Santa Catarina. Alternate names: Coroado, Coroados, Caingang, Bugre. Dialects: Paraná Kaingang, Central Kaingang, Southwest Kaingang, Southeast Kaingang. Classification: Macro-Ge, Ge-Kaingang, Kaingang, Northern

Kaiwá
[kgk] 15,000 in Brazil (1994 SIL). Population total all countries: 15,512. Mato Grosso do Sul. Also spoken in Argentina. Alternate names: Caiwa, Caingua, Cayua, Caiua, Kayova, Kaiova. Dialects: Teüi, Tembekuá, Kaiwá. Somewhat intelligible with Paraguayan Guaraní. Lexical similarity 70% with Pai Tavytera of Paraguay. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup I

Kamayurá
[kay] 279 (1995 AMTB). Xingú Park, Mato Grosso. Alternate names: Kamaiurá, Camaiura, Kamayirá. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup VII

Kanamarí
[knm] 647 (1995 SIL). Amazonas, upper regions of Jurua, Jutai, Itaquai rivers. Alternate names: Kanamaré, Canamarí. Dialects: Tshom-Djapa (Txunhuã-Djapá, Txunhuã Dyapá). Classification: Katukinan

Karahawyana
[xkh] 40 (1995 SIL). Amazonas, near the Waiwai. Dialects: Probably Cariban. Classification: Unclassified Nearly extinct.

Karajá
[kpj] 1,700 (1995 SIL). Population includes 383 Javaé (1986 SIL). Goiás, Pará, Mato Grosso, Araguaia River, Bananal Island, and Tocantins. Alternate names: Xambioá, Chamboa, Ynã. Dialects: Javaé (Javahe). Men and women speak different dialects. Classification: Macro-Ge, Karaja

Karapanã
[cbc] 50 in Brazil (1986 SIL). São Gabriel and Pari-Cachoeira, Amazonas. Alternate names: Carapana, Carapanã, Mextã. Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Central, Tatuyo

Karipuná
[kuq] 12 to 15 (2000 SIL). Rondônia, Acre, banks of Jaru, Jamery, Urupa, Cabecciras, Candeias, and Jaciparana rivers. Alternate names: Karipuná do Guaporé, Caripuna, Jau-Navo, Juanauo, Karipuná de Rondônia, Kagwahiva. Dialects: Jacaria, Pama (Pamana). Loukotka identified this as Panoan. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup VI Nearly extinct.

Karipúna Creole French
[kmv] 672 (1995 SIL). Amapá, on French Guiana border. Alternate names: Crioulo. Dialects: There are conflicting reports about how different it is from Guianese Creole French. It is different from Haitian Creole. Classification: Creole, French based

Katukína, Panoan
[knt] 196 (1995 AMTB). Amazonas, Acre. Alternate names: Catuquina, Waninnawa, Kamanawa, Kamannaua, Katukina do Juruá. Dialects: Arara-Shawanawa (Shawanawa-Arara), Ararapina, Ararawa, Sanainawa (Saninawacana). Possibly intelligible with Marubo. Classification: Panoan, Southeastern

Kaxararí
[ktx] 220 (1995 AMTB). Alto Rio Marmelo, tributary of Rio Abuna, Acre, Rondônia, Amazonas. Alternate names: Kaxariri. Classification: Panoan, Eastern

Kaxuiâna
[kbb] 434 (1986 SIL). Population includes 300 Warikyana, 134 Kaxuiâna. Imabu River near perimetral norte, on Trombetes River near junction with Mapuwera, northwestern Para. A few are living with the Hixkaryána; most with the Trió. Alternate names: Kashuyana, Kashujana, Kachuana, Warikyana, Warikiana, Kaxúyana. Dialects: Pawiyana (Pawixi). Classification: Carib, Southern, Southern Guiana

Kayabí
[kyz] 800 (1994 SIL). Northern Mato Grosso, Xingú Park, and southern Para; Teles Pires River and Tatui, many villages. Alternate names: Kajabí, Caiabi, Parua, Maquiri. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup V

Kayapó
[txu] 4,000 (1994 SIL). 3,950 monolinguals. Population includes 469 Xikrin (1986 SIL). Ethnic population: 4,000. Xingú Park, Mato Grosso, southern Pará, both sides of the Xingú River, on the west up to the Iriri and its tributaries, and on the west bank to the Fresco and Zinho rivers, 14 villages. Alternate names: Kokraimoro. Dialects: Xikrin (Xukru, Diore), Kararaó, Kayapó-Kradaú. Those listed as dialects are only slightly different. Classification: Macro-Ge, Ge-Kaingang, Ge, Northwest, Kayapo

Kohoroxitari
[kob] 622 (1976 RC). Amazonas, Prelazia Rio Negro. Classification: Unclassified

Korubo
[xor] 500 (1995 AMTB). Amazonas. Alternate names: Caceteiros. Dialects: Possibly Panoan. May be the same as Marúbo, or related to Yanomámi. Classification: Unclassified

Krahô
[xra] 1,200 (1988 SIL). Maranhão, southeastern Pará, Tocantins, 5 villages. Alternate names: Craô, Kraô. Dialects: Different from Canela, but may be able to use literature adapted from Canela. Classification: Macro-Ge, Ge-Kaingang, Ge, Northwest, Timbira

Kreen-Akarore
kre] 122 (1995 AMTB). Xingú Park, northern Mato Grosso. Alternate names: Kren Akarore, Panará. Dialects: Not a dialect of Kayapó; possibly closer to Canela. Classification: Macro-Ge, Ge-Kaingang, Ge, Northwest, Kreen-Akarore

Krenak
[kqq] 80 (1989 SIL). Left margin of Doce River, on reservations in east São Paulo, Mato Grosso, Paraná. Classification: Macro-Ge, Botocudo

Kreye
[xre] 30 (1995 SIL). Maranhão and Pará. Alternate names: Krem-Ye, Crenge, Crange, Creye, Crenye, Taze, Tage. Classification: Macro-Ge, Ge-Kaingang, Ge, Northwest, Timbira Nearly extinct.

Krikati-Timbira
[xri] 420 (1995). Maranhão, southeastern Pará, Tocantins. The Timbira are in Governador Village, Municipality of Amarante. Dialects: Krinkati (Karakati), Timbira. The Krikati and Timbira are separate ethnic groups speaking related dialects. Classification: Macro-Ge, Ge-Kaingang, Ge, Northwest, Timbira

Kuikúro-Kalapálo
[kui] 526 (1995 AMTB). Population includes 277 Kuikúro and 249 Kalapálo. Xingú Park, Mato Grosso, three villages along the Culuene River. Alternate names: Kuikuru, Guicurú, Kurkuro, Cuicutl, Kalapalo, Apalakiri, Apalaquiri. Dialects: The Kuikúro and the Kalapálo speak the same language, but are separate ethnically. Classification: Carib, Southern, Xingu Basin

Kuruáya
[kyr] 52 to 147 (1998). Pará, tributaries of the lower Xingú River. Alternate names: Caravare, Curuaia, Kuruaia. Classification: Tupi, Munduruku

Machinere
[mpd] 400 (1995 AMTB). Acre. May also be in Bolivia. Alternate names: Manchinere, Manchineri, Manitenerí, Manitenére, Maxinéri. Dialects: Distinct enough from Yine (Piro) in Peru to need separate literature. Manitenére may be different from Machinere. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Purus

Macuna
[myy] 100 in Brazil (1973 RC). Rio Chié, Amazonas. Alternate names: Makuna, Buhagana, Baigana, Wuhána, Jepa-Matsi, Yepá-Mahsá, Yehpá Majsá, Yepá Maxsã, Yebamasã, Paneroa. Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Central, Southern

Macushi
[mbc] 15,000 in Brazil. Population total all countries: 24,600. Contingo, Quino, Pium, and Mau rivers, northeast Roraima and Rio Branco. Also spoken in Guyana, Venezuela. Alternate names: Makusi, Makuxi, Macusi, Makushi, Teweya, Teueia. Dialects: Not intelligible with Arecuna or Patamona. Classification: Carib, Northern, East-West Guiana, Macushi-Kapon, Macushi

Makuráp
[mpu] 114 (1995 AMTB). Ethnic population: 700 (2000 C. Jensen). Pororoca Post, Guaporé, and Mequéns rivers, Branco, Rondônia, and scattered locations. Alternate names: Makurápi, Macuráp, Macurapi, Massaka, Kurateg. Classification: Tupi, Tupari

Mandahuaca
[mht] 3 in Brazil (1993 ALEM). Amazonas, upper Cauaboris, tributary of the Rio Negro, Colombian border. Alternate names: Mandauaca, Mandawáka, Ihini, Maldavaca. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Inland

Mapidian
[mpw] 50 in Brazil (1986 Howard). Roraima, with the Waiwai. Also spoken in Guyana. Alternate names: Maopityan, Maiopitian, Mawayana, Mahuayana. Dialects: Lexical similarity 10% with Wapishana and 20% with Atorada. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Wapishanan Nearly extinct.

Maquiritari
[mch] 270 in Brazil (1986 SIL). Roraima. Alternate names: Mayongong, Maquiritare, Maquiritai, Makiritare, Pawana, Soto. Dialects: Cunuana, De’cuana (Wainungomo), Ihuruana, Maitsi, Mayongong (Ye’cuana, Yekuana). Classification: Carib, Southern, Southern Guiana

Marúbo
[mzr] 594 (1995 SIL). Amazonas, along the headwaters of the tributaries of the Curuçá, Ipixuna, and Javarí, near the Peru border. Alternate names: Maruba, Marova, Kaniuá. Dialects: Speakers say they cannot understand Matsés (Mayoruna). Possibly intelligible with Panoan Katukína. Classification: Panoan, North-Central

Matipuhy
[mzo] 40 (1995 AMTB). Xingú Park, Mato Grosso. Alternate names: Matipu, Mariape-Nahuqua. Dialects: Matipuhy, Nahukuá (Nakukwa, Nafukwá, Nahuqua). Ruhlen says Kalapálo is a dialect of Nahukua. May also be intelligible with Kuikúro. Classification: Carib, Southern, Xingu Basin Nearly extinct.

Matís
[mpq] 120 (1995 SIL). Amazonas, Javari Valley, Municipality of Atalaia do Norte, on the border with Peru. Dialects: Seems to be different from Matsés, although similar. Classification: Panoan, Northern

Matsés
[mcf] 1,000 in Brazil (2000 SIL). Amazonas. Alternate names: Matse, Mayoruna. Classification: Panoan, Northern

Maxakalí
[mbl] 728 (1994 SIL). Minas Gerais, 100 miles inland from coast, 14 villages. Alternate names: Caposho, Cumanasho, Macuni, Monaxo, Monocho. Classification: Macro-Ge, Maxakali

Mehináku
[mmh] 121 (1995 AMTB). Xingú Park, Mato Grosso. Alternate names: Mehinaco, Mahinaku, Minaco. Dialects: Somewhat intelligible with Waurá. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Central Maipuran

Miarrã
[xmi] Xingú Park, Mato Grosso. Classification: Unclassified

Miraña
[boa] Amazonas near the Solimões, between the Tefé and Caiçara rivers, and along the Brazilian part of the Rio Iça. Alternate names: Boro, Bora. Dialects: Miranha (Miraña, Mirãnia). Classification: Witotoan, Boran

Mondé
[mnd] 30 (1995 AMTB). Apidia River, tributary of Igarape Tanaru, near Pimenta Bueno, Rondônia. Alternate names: Sanamaiká, Sanamaykã, Sanamaica, Salamãi, Salamaikã. Dialects: Related to Arua, Gavião Do Jiparaná. Classification: Tupi, Monde Nearly extinct.

Morerebi
[xmo] 100 (2000). Amazonas, Rio Preto and Marmelos, 2 villages. Dialects: May be a Tenharim dialect. A family group that has not lived with the Tenharim for many years, and does not want contact with outside culture. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup VI

Mundurukú
[myu] 7,000 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 7,000. Pará, Amazonas, middle and upper Tapajós and middle Madeira rivers, 22 villages. Alternate names: Mundurucu, Monjoroku, Weidyenye, Paiquize, Pari, Caras-Pretas. Classification: Tupi, Munduruku

Nadëb
[mbj] 300 (1986 SIL). Amazonas, three locations on the Uneiuxi River, a tributary of the Negro River, on the Japura and Negro rivers, and in other scattered places. Alternate names: Nadeb Macu, Makú Nadëb, Makunadöbö, Nadöbö, Anodöub, Kabori, Kabari, Xiriwai, Xuriwai. Classification: Maku

Nambikuára, Northern
[mbg] 136 (1999 SIL). Ethnic population: 136 (1999). Mato Grosso (Mamaindé), Rondônia (Latundê). Alternate names: Mamaindé. Dialects: Mamaindé, Negarotê, Tawanxte, Taxmainite, Taxwensite, Yalapmunxte (Lacondê, Latundê). Classification: Nambiquaran

Nambikuára, Southern
[nab] 1,150 (2000 SIL). 950 monolinguals. Northwestern Mato Grosso, scattered along the Porto Velho-Cuiabá highway for about 300 km. 10 villages. Alternate names: Nambiquara, Nambikwara. Dialects: Manduka, Khithaulhu, Halotesu, Saxwentesu, Wakalitesu, Serra Azul, Hahaintesu, Wasusu, Alatesu, Waikisu, Galera, Sarare. Classification: Nambiquaran

Nhengatu
[yrl] 3,000 in Brazil (1998). Population total all countries: 8,000. Lower Vaupés, Içana, and Negro River areas, Amazonas. Also spoken in Colombia, Venezuela. Alternate names: Yeral, Geral, Língua Geral, Nyengatú, Nheengatu, Nyengato, Ñeegatú, Waengatu, Coastal Tupian, Modern Tupí. Dialects: Based on Tupinambá, developed by the Portuguese during the 17th and 18th centuries as the language of communication. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup III

Ninam
[shb] 466 in Brazil (1976 UFM). Most are monolingual. Population includes 236 in southern dialect, 230 in northern dialect. Population total all countries: 566. Mucajai, upper Uraricáa, and Paragua rivers, Roraima. Also spoken in Venezuela. Alternate names: Yanam, Xirianá, Shiriana Casapare, Kasrapai, Jawaperi, Crichana, Jawari. Dialects: Southern Ninam (Shirishana, Mukajai), Northern Ninam (Shiriana, Uraricaa-Paragua). Classification: Yanomam

Ofayé
[opy] 15 (2002). Ethnic population: 37 (1995 AMTB). Mato Grosso do Sul, along the Verde, Vacaris, and Ivinhema rivers, and area of Brazilândia. Alternate names: Opaié-Shavante, Ofaié-Xavante, Opayé. Classification: Macro-Ge, Opaye Nearly extinct.

Omagua
[omg] There may be none left in Brazil (1995). Amazonas. Alternate names: Canga-Peba, Agua, Janbeba, Compeva, Omagua-Yete, Ariana, Pariana, Anapia, Macanipa, Yhuata, Umaua, Cambeba, Campeba, Cambela. Dialects: Aizuare (Aissuari), Curacirari (Curazicari), Curucicuri (Curuzicari), Paguana (Paguara). Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup III Nearly extinct.

Oro Win
orw] 5 (1996 SIL). Ethnic population: 55 (1998). Headwaters of the Pacaas-Novos River, a tributary of the Mamoré River, along the Brazil-Bolivia border. Dialects: Related to Tora, Itene (More), and Pakaasnovos (Wari), but not inherently intelligible with them. Classification: Chapacura-Wanham, Madeira Nearly extinct.

Pakaásnovos
[pav] 1,833 (1994 SIL). Rondônia, 7 villages. Alternate names: Jaru, Uomo, Pakaanovas, Pacaas-Novos, Pakaanova, Pacahanovo, Oro Wari, Wari. Classification: Chapacura-Wanham, Madeira

Palikúr
[plu] 800 in Brazil. Population total all countries: 1,300. Northern coastal tip along rivers, Amapá. Also spoken in French Guiana. Alternate names: Palikour, Palicur, Palijur. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Eastern Maipuran

Papavô
[ppv] 170 (2000 WCD). Acre, Taramacá River. Classification: Unclassified

Parakanã
[pak] 451 (1995 AMTB). Pará, Xingú Park, lower Xingú River, near São Felix and Altamira towns. Alternate names: Parakanân, Parocana, Awaeté. Dialects: A member of the Akwáwa cluster. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup IV

Parecís
[pab] 1,200 (1994 SIL). Mato Grosso, 6,000 square kilometers. 15 to 20 villages. Alternate names: Paressí, Paresí, Haliti. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Central Maipuran

Paumarí
[pad] 700 (1994 SIL). Amazonas. 3 villages, mainly on the Purus River. Alternate names: Purupurú. Dialects: Paumarm (Pammari), Kurukuru (Curucuru), Uaiai. 3 inherently intelligible dialects. Classification: Arauan

Pemon
[aoc] 679 in Brazil. 220 Taulipang dialect, 459 Ingarikó dialect. Rio Branco, near Guyana border, Roraima. Alternate names: Pemong. Dialects: Taulipang (Taurepan), Camaracota (Ipuricoto), Arecuna (Aricuna, Arekuna, Jaricuna), Ingarikó (Ingaricó). Classification: Carib, Northern, East-West Guiana, Macushi-Kapon, Kapon

Pirahã
[myp] 150 (1986 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,500 (1995 SIL). The Pirahã are small, the Múra larger. Amazonas, along the Maici and Autaces rivers. Alternate names: Múra-Pirahã. Dialects: Múra. Probably related to Matanawi, which is extinct. Classification: Mura

Piratapuyo
[pir] 618 in Brazil (1986 SIL). Population total all countries: 1,068. Amazonas. Also spoken in Colombia. Alternate names: Waikino, Pira-Tapuya, Uaikena, Uaicana, Waikhara, Waina, Uaiana, Uainana. Dialects: Close to Guanano linguistically; ethnically distinct, but the two groups do not intermarry. Lexical similarity 99% with Guanano (N. Waltz). Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Northern

Plautdietsch
[pdt] 5,955 in Brazil (1985 SIL). Primarily in Canada. Alternate names: Low German, Mennonite German. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian, Low Saxon

Pokangá
pok] 100 (1983 SIL). Upper Tiquie, tributary of Vaupés, Amazonas. Alternate names: Pakang, Pokangá-Tapuya, Bará, Barasano, Bara Sona. Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Central, Bara

Portuguese
[por] 163,153,389 in Brazil (1998). Throughout the country. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Portuguese-Galician

Poyanáwa
[pyn] 310 (1995 AMTB). Acre, upper Rio Môa, tributary of the Jumá. Alternate names: Poianáua, Puinahua. Classification: Panoan, South-Central, Yaminahua-Sharanahua

Puruborá
[pur] 2 (2002 SIL). Rondônia, headwaters of the Rio São Miguel, tributary of the right bank of the Guaporé. Alternate names: Puruba, Aurã, Pumbora, Puroborá, Burubora, Kuyubi, Cujubi, Migueleno, Miguelenho. Classification: Tupi, Purubora Nearly extinct.

Rikbaktsa
[rkb] 800 (1994 SIL). Mato Grosso, confluence of Sangue and Juruena rivers, Japuira on the east bank of the Juruena between the Arinos and Sangue rivers, and Posto Escondido on the west bank of the Juruena 700 km north. 9 villages and 14 settlements. Alternate names: Aripaktsa, Erikbatsa, Erikpatsa, Canoeiro. Classification: Macro-Ge, Rikbaktsa

Sabanês
[sae] 60 (1995 AMTB). Mato Grosso. Alternate names: Sabones, Sabanê. Classification: Nambiquaran

Sakirabiá
[skf] 70 (2000 SIL). Rondônia, Municipality of Cerejeira and Colorado do Oeste, on the Mequens River. Alternate names: Sakirabiát, Sakirabiáp, Sakiriabar, Sakirabiák, Sakirap. Classification: Tupi, Tupari

Salumá
[slj] 239 (2000 WCD). Northwest Pará, on the upper Anamu, source of the Trombetas, along the Suriname border. Classification: Carib, Northern, East-West Guiana, Waiwai, Sikiana

Sanumá
[xsu] 462 in Brazil (1976 UFM). Auaris River, Roraima. Alternate names: Tsanuma, Sanema, Guaika, Samatari, Samatali, Xamatari. Dialects: Caura, Ervato-Ventuari, Auaris. Classification: Yanomam

Sateré-Mawé
[mav] 9,000 (1994 SIL). Pará, Amazonas, Andirá, and Maués rivers, between the lower Tapajós and lower Madeira rivers. More than 14 villages. Alternate names: Maué, Mawé, Mabue, Maragua, Sataré, Andira, Arapium. Classification: Tupi, Mawe-Satere

Sharanahua
[mcd] 500 in Brazil. Marináwa in Acre, along the upper Envira, tributary of the Tarauacá, municipality of Cruziero do Sul, on Rio Humaitá off the Juará River. Alternate names: Acre Arara. Dialects: Marinahua (Marináwa), Chandinahua. Classification: Panoan, South-Central, Yaminahua-Sharanahua

Siriana
[sik] 33 in Brazil (1986 SIL). Population total all countries: 48. Northwest Pará, between the Rio Cafuini and the headwaters of the Turuna and Itapi, near the Suriname border. Also spoken in Suriname, Venezuela. Alternate names: Sikiâna, Shikiana, Sikïiyana, Chiquiana, Chikena, Chiquena, Xikujana, Xikiyana. Dialects: Close to Salumá. Classification: Carib, Northern, East-West Guiana, Waiwai, Sikiana Nearly extinct.

Siriano
[sri] 10 in Brazil (1995 AMTB). São Gabriel, Amazonas. Alternate names: Siriana, Siriane, Suryana, Surianá, Surirá, Sarirá. Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Central, Desano

Suruahá
[swx] 130 (1995 AMTB). Amazonas. Alternate names: Suruwahá, Zuruahá, Mndios do Coxodoá. Classification: Arauan

Suruaha
[sru] 800 (1994 SIL). A series of villages and scattered locations along the Rondônia-Mato Grosso border. 10 villages. Alternate names: Suruí do Jiparaná, Suruí de Rondônia, Paiter. Dialects: Related to Cinta Larga and Gavião do Jiparaná. Classification: Tupi, Monde

Suruí do Pará
[mdz] 140 (1995 SIL). Pará, 110 km from Marabá, in municipio of São João Araguaia. Alternate names: Akewere, Akewara, Aikewara, “Mudjétira”, “Mudjetíre”, “Mudjetíre-Suruí”, Suruí. Dialects: Member of Akwáwa cluster. Probably fairly close linguistic relationship to Asuriní and Parakanã. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup IV

Suyá
[suy] 196 (1995 AMTB). Population includes 31 Tapayuna. Xingú Park, Mato Grosso, headwaters of Rio Culuene. Dialects: Beiço de Pau (Tapayúna), Yaruma (Jarumá, Waiku). Classification: Macro-Ge, Ge-Kaingang, Ge, Northwest, Suya

Tapirapé
[taf] 350 (2000 SIL). Mouth of the Tapirapé and Araguaia rivers, northeastern Mato Grosso. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup IV

Tariano
[tae] 100 in Brazil (1996 A. Aikhenvald). Ethnic population: 1,500 in Brazil (1985 Rodrigues). Middle Vaupés River, Santa Rosa (Juquira), Iauarete, Periquitos, and Ji-Ponta, Amazonas. Also spoken in Colombia. Alternate names: Tarîna, Taliáseri. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Inland Nearly extinct.

Tembé
[tqb] 150 to 200 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 700 (2000 C. Jensen). Maranhão, Gurupi, and Guamá rivers. None in Guamá speak Tembé, only Portuguese. In Gurupi about 100 of 170 speak Tembé. Alternate names: Tenetehara. Dialects: The speech of most or all groups of this name is intelligible with Guajajára. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup IV

Tenharim
[pah] 493. Population includes 350 Tenharim (2000 SIL), 130 Parintintín (2000 SIL), 13 Diahói (1994 SIL). Amazonas. The Diahói are on the Rio Marmelos, Karipuna on Jaci Paraná River Post in Rondônia, Morerebi on Rio Preto and Marmelos. 2 villages. Alternate names: Tenharem, Tenharin, Kagwahiva, Kagwahiv, Kawaib. Dialects: Tenharim (Tenharem, Tenharin), Parintintín, Kagwahiv (Kawaib), Karipuna Jaci Paraná, Mialát, Diahói (Jahui, Giahoi). Boca Negra is a related ethnic group. Tenharim and Kagwahiv are nearly identical. Eru-eu-wau-wau (Uru-eu-wau-wau) and Morerebi may be dialects. The Tenharim consider the Diahói to be relatives; slight dialect difference. The Morerebi are a family group who have not lived with the Tenharim for many years, and do not want contact with outside culture. The Amundava, Kayabí, Parintintín, Tenharim, Júma, Karipuna, and Diahói all call themselves ‘Kagwahiva’ (Kagwahibm, Kagwahiv, Kawahip, Kavahiva, Kawaib, Kagwahiph). Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup VI

Terêna
[ter] 15,000 (1991 SIL). Mato Grosso do Sul, in 20 villages and 2 cities. Alternate names: Tereno, Etelena. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Bolivia-Parana

Ticuna
tca] 25,000 in Brazil (2000 SIL). Population total all countries: 41,000. West Amazonas. Also spoken in Colombia, Peru. Alternate names: Tikuna, Tukuna, Magüta. Classification: Language Isolate

Torá
[trz] 40 (1990). Ethnic population: 120 (1990 YWAM). Amazonas, on the lower Rio Marmelos, tributary of the Rio Madeira. Alternate names: Toraz. Classification: Chapacura-Wanham, Madeira Nearly extinct.

Tremembé
[tme] Almofa, la Ceará. Classification: Unclassified Nearly extinct.

Trió
[tri] 329 in Brazil (1995). Pará, Rio Mapari. Alternate names: Tirió, Tiriyó. Dialects: Pianocotó. Classification: Carib, Northern, East-West Guiana, Wayana-Trio

Trumaí
[tpy] 78 (1995). Xingú Park, source of Xingú River, villages along banks, Mato Grosso. Dialects: Ruhlen and others classify it as Equatorial. Classification: Language Isolate

Tubarão
[tba] 90 (1986 SIL). Rondônia, west of Vilhena, near the Cuiabá-Porto Velho highway. Alternate names: Aikanã, Wari, Uari, Corumbiara, Kolumbiara, Huari. Dialects: Masaká (Massaca). Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Unclassified

Tucano
[tuo] 2,631 in Brazil (1986 SIL). Population total all countries: 4,631. Amazonas. Also spoken in Colombia. Alternate names: Tukána, Takuna, Daxsea. Dialects: Yohoraa (Curaua), Wasona (Uasona). Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Northern

Tuparí
[tpr] 300 (2000). Rondônia, Branco River, tributary of the Guaporé, Pororoca Post. Classification: Tupi, Tupari

Tuyuca
[tue] 465 in Brazil (1995). Amazonas. Alternate names: Tuyuka, Tuiuca, Dochkafuara, Doka-Poara, Doxká-Poárá. Dialects: Tsola. Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Central, Bara

Urubú-Kaapor
[urb] 500 (1988 SIL). Maranhão, Gurupi River, 8 to 10 villages scattered over 2,800 sq. mi. Alternate names: Urubú, Kaapor, Kaaporté, Caapor, Ka’apor. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup VIII

Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language
[uks] 7 users (1986 J. Kakumasu). Maranhão. Alternate names: Urubú Sign Language. Classification: Deaf sign language

Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau
[urz] 100 (1995). Rondônia, on the upper Jaciparaná, Cautário, and Jamari rivers. Alternate names: Uru-Eu-Uau-Uau, Eru-Eu-Wau-Wau, Uruewawau, Kagwahiva. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup VI

Uru-Pa-In
[urp] 200 (1995 SIL). Rondônia, Municipality of Ariquemes. Classification: Unclassified

Waimaha
[bao] 100 in Brazil (1998). Prelazia Rio Negro, Amazonas. Alternate names: Waimaja, Northern Barasano, Barazana, “Bará”. Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Central, Bara

Waiwai
[waw] 1,800 in Brazil (2003). Population total all countries: 2,000. Amazonas, Pará, Roraima. Also spoken in Guyana. Alternate names: Uaiuai, Uaieue, Ouayeone. Dialects: Katawian (Katwena, Katawina, Catawian, Catauian, Parucutu, Parukutu, Katuena, Cachuena). Related to Salumá. Voegelin and Voegelin (1977) treat Katawian as a separate language. Classification: Carib, Northern, East-West Guiana, Waiwai

Wapishana
[wap] 1,500 in Brazil (1986 SIL). Roraima. Alternate names: Wapixiána, Wapisiana, Wapishiana, Wapixiana, Uapixana, Vapidiana. Dialects: Amariba, Atorai. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Wapishanan

Waurá
[wau] 240 (1994 SIL). Xingú Park, Mato Grosso. Alternate names: Uaura, Aura. Dialects: Partially intelligible with Mehináku. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Central Maipuran

Wayampi
[oym] 530 in Brazil (2000 SIL). Population includes 520 speakers of Amapari in Brazil and 10 of Oiapoque. Along tributaries of the upper Amapari River, west central Amapá, and northern Pará. 8 villages. Alternate names: Guayapi, Guaiapi, Oyampí, Oiampí, Wajapae, Wayãpi, Waiãpi, Waiampi, Wayapae, Oyampík, Oyanpík, Wajapuku, “Oiampipucu”, “Oyampipuku”. Dialects: Oiyapoque Wayampi, Amapari Wayampi, Jari. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup VIII

Wayana
[way] 150 in Brazil. Amapá, among the Apalaí. Alternate names: Oayana, Oyana, Oiana, Uaiana, Wayâna, Upurui, Alukuyana. Dialects: Rucuyen (Roucouyenne), Urucuiana (Urucena). Classification: Carib, Northern, East-West Guiana, Wayana-Trio

Wayoró
[wyr] 80 (2000 SIL). Rondônia, Pororoca Post, Guapore River. Alternate names: Wayurú, Ayurú, Ajurú, Uaiora, Wajaru. Classification: Tupi, Tupari

Xavánte
[xav] 10,000 (2000 SIL). Mato Grosso, 6 noncontiguous reservations, 80 villages. Alternate names: A’uwe Uptabi, Akuên, Akwen, A’we, Chavante, Shavante, Crisca, Pusciti, Tapacua. Classification: Macro-Ge, Ge-Kaingang, Ge, Central, Acua

Xerénte
[xer] 1,552 (2002 SIL). Tocantins, between the Rio do Sono and Rio Tocantins. Alternate names: Sherenté. Classification: Macro-Ge, Ge-Kaingang, Ge, Central, Acua

Xetá
[xet] 3 (1990 SIL). Ethnic population: 100 to 250 (1986 SIL). Paraná, among the Kaingang. Alternate names: Aré, Seta, Sheta, Cheta. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup I Nearly extinct.

Xipaya
[xiy] 2 (2000 SIL). Pará, lower Xingú River. Alternate names: Shipaja, Xipaia. Classification: Tupi, Yuruna Nearly extinct.

Xiriâna
xir] 903 (2000 WCD). Tributaries of Demeni and Rio Negro, Amazonas, near Venezuela border. Classification: Arawakan, Unclassified

Xokleng
[xok] 250 (1975). Ethnic population: 784 (2000 WCD). Santa Catarina, along tributary of the Itajaí River. Alternate names: Aweikoma, Bugre, Botocudos. Classification: Macro-Ge, Ge-Kaingang, Kaingang, Northern

Yaminahua
[yaa] 357 in Brazil (1986 SIL). Acre. Alternate names: Yamináwa, Jaminawá, Yamanawa. Classification: Panoan, South-Central, Yaminahua-Sharanahua

Yanomámi
[wca] 9,000 (1994 SIL). Waicá post, Uraricuera River, Roraima, Toototobi post, Amazonas, Catrimani River, Roraima. Alternate names: Waicá, Waiká, Yanoam, Yanomam, Yanomamé, Surara, Xurima, Parahuri. Dialects: Yanamam (Patimitheri, Waika), Yanomam (Naomam, Guadema, Wadema, Warema), Yanomay (Toototobi), Nanomam (Karime), Jauari (Joari, Yoari, Aica). Related to Yanomamö of Brazil and Venezuela. Classification: Yanomam

Yanomamö
[guu] 1,943 in Brazil. Amazonas, upper tributaries of Rio Negro. Alternate names: Guaica, Guaharibo, Yanomami, Shamatri, Shaathari. Dialects: Eastern Yanomami (Parima), Western Yanomami (Padamo-Orinoco). Classification: Yanomam

Yawanawa
[ywn] 310 (1994 SIL). Acre. 1 village of 100 people, with the remainder living along a river. Alternate names: Iauanauá, Jawanaua, Yahuanahua. Classification: Panoan, South-Central, Yaminahua-Sharanahua

Yuhup
[yab] 360 in Brazil (1995). Amazonas, on a tributary of the Vaupés River. Also spoken in Colombia. Alternate names: Makú-Yahup, Yëhup, Yahup, Yahup Makú, “Maku”. Dialects: Limited intelligibility of Hupdë. Ruhlen and other classify it as related to Puinave. Classification: Maku

Yurutí
[yui] 50 in Brazil (1991 SIL). Iauarete, Amazonas. Alternate names: Juruti, Juruti-Tapuia, Luruty-Tapuya, Juriti, Yuriti, Yuriti-Tapuia. Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Central, Bara

Zo’é
[pto] 136 (1995 SIL). State of Pará, Municipality of Obidos, on the Cuminapanema River. Alternate names: Tupí of Cuminapanema, Poturu, Poturujara, Buré. ClTupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup VIIIassification.

:: Extinct Languages ::

Acroá
[acs] Extinct. Bahia area. Alternate names: Coroá. Classification: Macro-Ge, Ge-Kaingang, Ge, Central

Arára, Mato Grosso
[axg] Extinct. Ethnic population: 100 (1998). Mato Grosso. Alternate names: Arara do Beiradão, Arara do Rio Branco. Classification: Unclassified

Arikem
[ait] Extinct. Rôndonia State, Candeias and Jamari rivers, tributaries of the upper Madeira. Alternate names: Ariken. Classification: Tupi, Arikem

Arua
[aru] Extinct. Alternate names: Arawá. Classification: Arauan

Guana
[gqn] Extinct. Mato Grosso do Sul, near the Terêna. Alternate names: Kinikinao, Chuala, Chana, East Paraná, Kinihinao, Equinao. Dialects: Related to Terêna, Iranche. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Bolivia-Parana

Kaimbé
[xai] Extinct. Ethnic population: 1,100 to 1,400 (1986 SIL). Bahía. Classification: Unclassified

Kaingáng, São Paulo
[zkp] Extinct. São Paulo. Classification: Macro-Ge, Ge-Kaingang, Kaingang, Northern

Kamakan
[vkm] Extinct. Bahia area. Alternate names: Ezeshio. Classification: Macro-Ge, Kamakan

Kamba
[xba] Extinct. Ethnic population: 2,000 (1986 SIL). Mato Grosso do Sul, near Corumbá. Alternate names: Camba. Dialects: May have been Tupí. Classification: Unclassified

Kambiwá
[xbw] Extinct. Ethnic population: 1,108 (1995 SIL). Pernambuco. Classification: Unclassified

Kanoé
[kxo] Extinct. Ethnic population: 150 (2000 C. Jensen). Rondônia, Guaporé River, scattered locations. Alternate names: Canoé, Guaratégaya, Guarategaja, Koaratira, Guaratira, Amniapé, Mekem, Mekéns, Mequem, Mequen, Mequens, Muki. Classification: Tupi, Monde

Kapinawá
[xpn] Extinct. Ethnic population: 354 (1995 AMTB). Pernambuco. Classification: Unclassified

Karipúna
[kgm] Extinct. Territory of Amapá, on French Guiana border. Alternate names: Karipúna do Uaçá, Karipúna do Amapá. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup VI

Kariri-Xoco
[kzw] Extinct. Ethnic population: 1,062 (1995 SIL). Alagoas. Alternate names: Karirí, Kariri Xucó, Kipeá, Xokó-Karirí, Xukuru Kariri, Xukurú, Xocó, Xokó. Dialects: Kipeá (Quipea), Kamurú (Camuru), Dzubukuá (Dzubucua), Sabujá (Pedra Branca). Other dialects or languages are even less well attested. Classified as Equatorial (Greenberg 1959), Macro-Carib (Swadesh 1959), Macro-Ge (Rodrigues 1975), Isolate (Rivet and Loukotka 1952, Larsen 1984). Classification: Unclassified

Kepkiriwát
[kpn] Extinct. Rôndonia, formerly on the Pimenta Bueno River. Classification: Tupi, Tupari

Maritsauá
[msp] Extinct. Manitsaua-Missu, a tributary of the Upper Xingú, Xingú Park, Mato Grosso. Alternate names: Manitsawá, Mantizula. Dialects: Arupai (Urupaya). Classification: Tupi, Yuruna

Miriti
mmv] Extinct. Ethnic population: 55 (1995 AMTB). Pari-Cachoeira, Taracua, Amazonas. Alternate names: Miriti-Tapuia, Miriti Tapuyo, Neenoá. Classification: Tucanoan, Miriti

Nukuini
[nuc] Extinct. Acre, northwestern, from the upper Mõa to the Rio Sungarú in Juruá. Alternate names: Nuquini. Dialects: Cuyanawa. Classification: Panoan, South-Central, Unclassified

Oti
[oti] Extinct. São Paulo. Alternate names: Chavante, Euchavante. Classification: Macro-Ge, Oti

Otuke
[otu] Extinct. Mato Grosso lowlands into eastern Bolivia. Alternate names: Otuque, Otuqui, Louxiru. Dialects: Related dialects or languages: Covareca, Curuminaca, Coraveca (Curave), Curucaneca, Tapii; all are extinct. Classification: Macro-Ge, Bororo, Otuke

Pankararé
[pax] Extinct. Ethnic population: 1,200 (1995 AMTB). Bahía. Alternate names: Pankaré. Classification: Unclassified

Pankararú
[paz] Extinct. Ethnic population: 3,676 (1995 AMTB). Pernambuco, Alagoas. Alternate names: Pankarará, Pankarú, Pancaru, Pancaré, Pankaravu, Pankaroru. Dialects: Possibly related to Kirirí. Classification: Language Isolate

Paranawát
[paf] Extinct. Ethnic population: 50 to 100 (1986 SIL). Rondônia, tributaries of the Jiparaná (Machado) River and Sono River. Alternate names: Paranauat, Pawaté, Majubim. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup VI

Pataxó-Hãhaãi
[pth] Extinct. Ethnic population: 2,950 (1995 AMTB). Minas Gerais, Bahía, Pôsto Paraguassu in the municipality of Itabuna. Alternate names: Pataxi, Patashó, Patoxó, Pataxó-Hãhãhãe. Classification: Unclassified

Potiguára
[pog] Extinct. Ethnic population: 4,000 (2000 C. Jensen). Paraíba, Pôsto Nísia Brasileira on the Baía da Traição, in the municipality of Mamanguape. Alternate names: Pitonara. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup III

Puri
[prr] Extinct. Espíritu Santo, Minas Gerais, and adjacent areas. Alternate names: Coroado. Classification: Macro-Ge, Puri

Tapeba
[tbb] Extinct. Ethnic population: 984 (1995 AMTB). On the Ceará River, in Caucaia, Ceará. Alternate names: Tabeba. Classification: Unclassified

Tingui-Boto
[tgv] Extinct. Ethnic population: 800 (1986 SIL). Alagoas. Alternate names: Tingui, Carapató, Karapató. Classification: Unclassified

Truká
[tka] Extinct. Ethnic population: 909 (1995 AMTB). Pernambuco, Bahía. Classification: Unclassified

Tukumanféd
[tkf] Extinct. Rondônia, mouth of the Cacoal tributary of the Jiparaná. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup VI

Tupí
[tpw] Extinct. Formerly along coast around what is now São Paulo. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup III

Tupinambá
[tpn] Extinct. Formerly along coast from Rio de Janeiro north to the Amazon River. Alternate names: Tupí, Tupí Antigo, Old Tupí, Brasiliano, Brasilica. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup III

Tupinikin
[tpk] Extinct. Ethnic population: 820 (1995 AMTB). Espirito Santo, Bahia. Alternate names: Tupinaki, Tupinikim, Tupiniquim. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup III

Turiwára
[twt] Extinct. Ethnic population: 30 (1995 SIL). Pará, live with the Tembé on the Acará-miri River. Alternate names: Turiuara. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup VIII

Tuxá
[tud] Extinct. Ethnic population: 900 (1995 AMTB). Bahía, Pernambuco. Alternate names: Tusha, Todela. Classification: Language Isolate

Tuxináwa
[tux] Extinct. Acre. Alternate names: Tuchinaua. Classification: Panoan, South-Central, Yaminahua-Sharanahua

Uamué
[uam] Extinct. Ethnic population: 3,900 (1995 AMTB). Pernambuco, vicinity of Floresta. Alternate names: Aticum, Atikum, Huamuê. Classification: Unclassified

Umotína
[umo] Extinct. Ethnic population: 160 (1993). Mato Grosso, along the Paraguay River. Alternate names: Umutina, Barbados. Classification: Macro-Ge, Bororo, Bororo Proper

Urumi
[uru] Extinct. Formerly Rondônia, Marmelos River, tributary of the middle Madeira. Classification: Tupi, Ramarama

Wakoná
[waf] Extinct. Ethnic population: 500 to 1,000 (1995 SIL). Alagoas. Classification: Unclassified

Wasu
[wsu] Extinct. Ethnic population: 1,024 (1995 AMTB). Alagoas. Alternate names: Waçu. Classification: Unclassified

Wiraféd
[wir] Extinct. Rondônia, on the Riosinho and Muquí tributaries of the Jiparaná. Alternate names: Wiroféd, Uirafed. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup VI

Xakriabá
[xkr] Extinct. Ethnic population: 4,643 (1995 AMTB). Minas Gerais. Alternate names: Chakriaba, Shacriaba, Chikriaba. Classification: Macro-Ge, Ge-Kaingang, Ge, Central, Acua

Xipináwa
[xip] Extinct. Southern Amazonas and Acre. Alternate names: Shipinahua. Classification: Panoan, South-Central, Yaminahua-Sharanahua

Xukurú
[xoo] Extinct. Ethnic population: 1,800 (1995 SIL). Pernambuco, Serra de Urubá (Arobá) near the city of Cimbres, Bahía. Alternate names: Kirirí, Kirirí-Xokó. Classification: Unclassified

Yabaâna
[ybn] Extinct. Ethnic population: 90 (1986 SIL). Amazonas, headwaters of the Marauia and Cauaboris, tributaries of the left bank of Rio Negro. Alternate names: Jabaana, Yabarana. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Unclassified

Yawalapití
[yaw] Extinct. Xingú Park, Mato Grosso. Alternate names: Jaulapiti, Yaulapiti. Dialects: Related to Waurá and Mehináku. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Central Maipuran

:: Reference ::
Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/

Famous Brazilian People: Brazilian Artists, Scientists, Leaders, Musicians, Politicians and Athletes

There is a category of people who shaped in a significant way the Brazilian society, as well as the world in which we live, through their outstanding work. There are many Brazilian leaders, thinkers and scientists, heroes and pioneers, artists and entertainers, who have one thing in common: are not easy to stereotype. Brazil has produced many talented people who have made a mark in their fields and earned wide acclaim. These people of purpose made a difference and inspired us to greatness.

:: List of Famous People from Brazil ::

Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis
Machado was a notable Brazilian novelist, poet and short story writer who is widely regarded as a classic master of Brazilian and world literature, Machado wrote nine novels, eight short-story collections, four volumes of poetry, 13 plays, and numerous critical essays. Harold Bloom said that Machado is “a kind of miracle, another demonstration of the autonomy of literary genius in regard to time and place, politics and religion”.

Edison Arantes do Nascimento (Pele)
Best known by the name ‘Pele’, he is a former Brazilian football player who is regarded as the most illustrious football players of all times, a living sporting legend. Pele was honored with the title of Athlete of the Century by the International Olympic Committee. He is the all-time top scorer in the history of the Brazil national football team and is the only footballer to be a part of three World Cup-winning teams.

Cândido Portinari
Portinari was one of the most important Brazilian painters, muralist and also a prominent and influential practitioner of the neo-realism style in painting. He is regarded as the greatest artist Brazil has produced. After the 1940s Portinari became an international Brazilian icon. Café, Morro, Monumento Rodoviário da Estrada do Rio-São Paulo are some of the works that consecrated him as a distinguished painter. “Portinari’s ultimate artistic consecration came with his War and Peace murals of 1953, which he painted for the entrance hall of the United Nations headquarters in New York.”

Adriana Lima
The blue eyed Brazilian supermodel, Adriana Lima, is best known as a Victoria’s Secret Angel since 2000 and a spokes model for Maybelline cosmetics. Moreover, she is one of the most in-demand runway models un the world and has walked the catwalks for famous designers such as Vera Wang, Christian Lacroix, Emanuel Ungaro, Giorgio Armani, Fendi, Ralph Lauren and Valentino. She is considered by many to be one of the most popular and beautiful models in the world.

Andreas Pavel
Is a Brazilian inventor who is the ‘father’ of the portable personal stereo cassette player, the Walkman. “Pavel invented the device known today as the Walkman. But it took more than 25 years of battling the Sony Corporation and others in courts and patent offices around the world before he finally won the right to say it,” reports The New York Times.

Paolo Coelho
“When you want something, the whole universe conspires in helping you achieve it.”

Coelho is a famous Brazilian lyricist and novelist. Coelho is in fact one of the most successful authors, because he has sold over 101 million books in over 145 countries worldwide and his works have been translated into 67 languages. The Alchemist, The Manual of the Warrior of Light, By the River Piedra I Sat Down and Wept, The Fifth Mountain, Veronika Decides to Die, The Devil and Miss Prym, Eleven Minutes, Like The Flowing River and The Valkyries are some of his best sellers.

Carmen Miranda
Carmen Miranda was a very famous Brazilian samba singer and actress, a true Broadway star, one of the highest-paid artists in Hollywood, and by some accounts the highest-earning woman in the United States. In Hollywood she starred with most of the greats of the 30s and 40s; Marx, Roony, Jerry Lewis, Cesar Romero, Alice Faye. Some of the movies of her “Hollywood phase” are: Copacabana, The Gang’s All Here, Down Argentine Way, Weekend In Havana and many others.

Ronaldinho
Ronaldinho is a Brazilian soccer player who is considered by some one of the best footballer in the world. He was voted FIFA World Player of the year 2004 and 2005. He won the Championship league with FC Barcelona and won the world cup with Brazil and continues to be one of the most skillfully dominant players today.

José Lutzenberger
“We must learn to look at Nature, at Creation, as something sacred of which we humans are only a part-or we will have no future. We need a new, actually very old, holistic ethics, an ethics of reverence for life in all its forms and manifestations.”

Lutzenberger, an ecologist and former Brazilian Minister of the environment, is one of the principal founders and most outspoken advocates of the environmental movement. He was Brazil’s first internationally known environmental activist. In 1988 Lutzenberger was awarded the Right Livelihood Award, known as “the alternative Nobel Prize.”